World Geography
Thinking like a Geographer
Ecology Humans and the environment
5 themes of Geography
Location
relative location
absolute loaction
latitude
Factors that affect climate
longitude
orographic affect
elevation
proximity to bodies of water
ocean currents
Prisoners of Geography
No Deep Water ports( makes it very hard to trade
Sahara Desert(Very hard to cross, makes inland trade very hard)
Nonnavagable rivers( makes it very hard to navigate by rivers due to a non-connecting river system and waterfalls in each of them)
A profuse amount of mosquito born illnesses
un-tamable animals
Demography
Basic Population Statistics
Birth Rate( number of babies born per 1,000 people) Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000
Death Rate(Number of Deaths per 1,000 people) number of deaths/ total population x 1,000
Rate of Natural Increase- Birth Rate- Death Rate/10
Doubling Time=70/ rate of natural Increase
Total Fertility Rate- number of children born/ women aged 15 to 45
Place- what a place is like, the people, the culture, ect.
Population Pyramids A rough graph to show the number of people in a country, and how they are divided up by age and gender
Cohort -Each age group in a population pyramid is divided up into 5 years, also know as a " Cohort"
What can you tell about a country from their population pyramid?
Wide base= high death rate, High birth rate. Likely a fairly undeveloped country
Top heavy= more old people, high dependency ratio
Dependency Ratio- % on non-workers/% of workers
Youth DR- % under 15/% 15-64
Old Age DR- % over 65/% between 15-64
Migration
Emigrate- moving from a place
Immigrate- moving to a place
Types of Migration
Interregional/internal- moving about a larger area or to a different country
Transnational Migration- When migrants move from one country to another
Step Migration- moving closer to a city or more developed are( rural to urban)
Chain Migration- When a group of people settle in a new place causing people of or from the same group to move there( China Town)
Cyclical Migration-When workers migrate for a temporary amount of time, get a job, and send money back to their families in their country of origin
Push and Pull Factors
Push Factor-Causing some one to leave their country to escape something. Political Corruptness, War, Famine, Natural Disaster, and Unemployment are all examples of a Push Factor
Pull Factor-Things causing migrants to want to go somewhere. Example are job opportunities, fair politics, a stable country, and more.
Migration Calculations
Net Migration Rate-# of immigrants- #of emigrants/population/1,000
Gravity- the chances or amount of "force" of people moving between two different places
Gravitiy Calculation- Population 1 x Population 2 / distance
Forced Migration
Refugee-people who have been forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, natural disasters, etc.
Asylum- protection granted by a nation to a refugee seeking help.
Political Geography +Geopolitics
Sovereignty-the authority to make political decisions about control over people, land, and resources.
Territoriality- the connection of people and their culture to the land they inhabit.
Geopolitics- When two or more countries engage in political/ economic disputes about one or more geographic boundaries we call this “geopolitics”.
Types of Border Disputes
Map Distortion
Mercator Projection- distorts country/continents sizes, but show correct proportion of distance
Echkert IV- distorts country shapes but keeps size in proportion
Goods Homolosine- cuts off parts of the ocean
GIS Mapping- mapping that shows different political, economic, or social; aspects of a place( usually digital)
Weather, is day to day conditions. Climate is and overall pattern of these conditions
Climograph-a bar and dot graph showing the temperature and precipitation change in a certain area( usually by month)
Human- Environmental Interaction-how people interact with the natural environment
Movement- How people move around the world and how that affects Place, and Human Environmental Interaction
Region- how similar characteristics of certain places carve out these places and their identity
Allocation- resources lie on both sides of the border. Who gets what?
Physical- when a physical boundary changes shape
Definition- When countries disagree on some form of treaty and how to interprate it
Types of Boundaries
Physical/Natural- mountains/ rivers
Ocean
Geometric-a boxy or square boundary
Maritime Law
UNCLOS treaty- UN Conventional Law of the Seas. Countries have complete Sovereignty up to 12 miles off of the shoreline( Territorial Waters). They have 24 miles of loose control( contiguous zone), and 200 miles( the exclusive economic zone) to harvest economic resources. Beyond this is International Waters. The Median Line Principle says that if there is less than 200 miles between two countries than they must divide the space up evenly.
Types of State Shapes
Elongated State- a long thin state
Fragmented State-a state that is separated by a human or physical barrier
Perforated State- A state completely surrounding another state
Enclave State-A state that is completely surrounded by another state but not ruled by it.
Prorupted State-A compact sate with a long protruding extension
Compact state- boxy state drawn as a shape
Exclave State-An exclave is a part of national territory separated from the main body of the country to which it belongs.
Globalization
Sectors of the Economy
Secondaryu Sector,- where raw amterials are turned into products
Tertiary Sector- Consumption of goods
Primary Sector- where raw material are harvested
Globalization- when products and the functioning of society becomes worldwide and many different countries have little roles to play in everything that is done.
Pros- things become much cheaper and plentiful
Cons- outsourcing of jobs
Demographic Transition Model- shows change of a country as it it developed
Stage 2- very undeveloped but beggining to grow
Stage 3 almost fully developed
Stage 1- undeveloped, high death rate, high birth rate
Stage 4- fully developed, stable growth
(Stage 5)- starting to decline- Japan
Ethnonationalism- being way to in to your own group of people