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World Geography (Political Geography and Geopolitics (The Shapes of States…
World Geography
Political Geography and Geopolitics
Sovereignty: The authority to make political decisions about control over the people, land, and resources (political power).
Territoriality: The connect of people and their culture to the land they inhabit.
The Shapes of States
Compact: The distance from the center to any boundary is about the same.
Prorupted: A compact state with a large extension.
Perforated:Completely surrounds another state.
Elongated: A long thin state.
Fragmented: A state separated by a physical or human barrier.
Enclave: A state completely surrounded by another but not ruled by it.
Exclave: The part of a national territory separated from the main body of the country that it belongs to.
Centripetal forces: Bring a country together. Centrifugal forces tear a country apart.
Ethnonationalism: The belief that a nation is defined by a shared heritage; a common religion, language or ethnic ancestry.
Border Disputes and Boundaries
Boundaries
Geometric Boundaries: Straight-line boundaries not relating to the cultural or physical features of the territory involved.
Physical or Natural Boundaries: Separates territory according to natural features in the landscape.
Ocean Boundaries
Border Disputes
Definitional: When border treaties are interpreted two different ways by states.
Locational: When the border moves, like a lake drying up or a river changing course
Operational: When the borders are agreed to but passing through them is a problem.
Allocational: When a resource lies on two sides of a border. Who gets what?
UNCLOS Treaty (United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Seas)
Territorial Waters: Countries with a territory on the coastline exercise complete sovereignty up to 12 miles from the shoreline.
Contiguous Zone: A band of water extending from the edge of territorial waters up to 24 miles from the coast. Countries can exert limited control from the purposes of "infringements of its customs, fiscal, immigration, or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory."
An "exclusive economic zone" extends from the shoreline to 200 miles out. They can enforce fishing and oil rights in this band of water.
Outside of 200 miles is considered international waters which are owned by everyone.
When there is not enough water between countries, the countries involved will divide up the water evenly in a rule called the "median-line principle."
Economics
An economy is a system of production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services in a particular geographic region.
Primary Sector: Economic activities that harvest raw materials from the earth (farmers, mining, fishing).
Secondary Sector: Where raw materials are processed into finished products of greater value. Eg. factory manufacturing.
Tertiary Sector: Involves selling finished products or moving them around. Most service jobs are considered tertiary.
Globalization: The process by which countries in the world become operating on an international scale.
Pros: Globalization makes Americans pay lower prices for items, helps poor countries develop economically, and tears down the borders which separate free trade.
Cons: Makes the rich, more rich and the poor, more poor. Developed countries see jobs lost and these jobs are transferred to the lowest cost countries. The poor also have to work very hard in terrible working conditions.
Population Patterns and Controversies
Population Pyramid: Used to evaluate the distribution of ages and genders in a given population.
A wide base pyramid means a rapid growth, not well developed country.
A top heavy pyramid means a declining population.
Group of people the same age is called a cohort.
Dependency Ratio: Tells us the proportion of working age people to non-working age people. % of non workers over % of workers
Population Statistics
Birth Rate/Death Rate CBR = number of births/deaths/total population and all of that times 1,000.
Rate of Natural Increase: RNI = (Birth rate - death rate)/10
Doubling time: 70/RNI
Total Fertility Rate: Number of children born/women aged 15 to 45
Infant Mortality Rate: Number of deaths among babies, divided by live births times 1,000.
Net Migration Rate: Immigrants minus Emigrants/population/1,000
Gravity Model: Used to estimate the flow of migrants to a particular place. Population 1 multiplied by Population 2/distance squared
The Demographic Transition Model
The DTM predicts the development of countries which go from Stage 1, which a rapid growth population that is very poor and very undeveloped to a country such a Japan which is so developed that its population is actually shrinking (A stage 5 country).
Migration: The movement of people across the world.
Emigrate: Moving from a place.
Immigrate: Moving to a place.
Types of Migration
Internal: involves moving from one region of a country to another.
Step: Occurs when people move up in a hierarchy of locations.
Chain: Occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles a new place, establishing a migrant foothold.
Cyclical: Occurs when workers migrate for temporary periods and return to their home countries. Agriculture is one of the sectors.
Remittance: Money sent from transnational immigrants back to their families at home.
Push factors force people out of their home countries. Pull factors pull people from their home countries and act as an incentive.
Forced migration
Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their home country.
Asylum is protection granted by a nation to a refugee seeking help.
Ecology, Humans and the Environment
Climate vs. Weather
Climate is the pattern of weather over a long time.
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at any given time.
A climograph plots precipitation and temperature. The bar is the precip.
Five factors that Affect Climate
Latitude, not Longitude
Closeness to Large Bodies of Water: Climates are more moderate because water moderates the temperature.
Orographic Effect: Happens near large mountains. One side of the mountain, the windward receives all the water. The leeward side receives very little.
Ocean Currents: Warm currents warm climate, cool currents cool climate.
Elevation: Temp drops 3 degrees F for every 1,000 ft.
Prisoners of Geography
Animals that cannot be domesticated.
Rivers that cannot be navigated because they go over a waterfall.
A huge variety of mosquito-borne illnesses.
No deep water ports (Makes it difficult to trade).
Thinking Like a Geographer
The 5 Themes of Geopraphy
Location-Where is it?
Absolute Location
Relative Location
Movement-Migrations patterns
Human Environmental Interaction
Region
Place-What's it like when you get there?
Map Distortion:All flat maps are wrong because spherical things on flat paper are slightly inaccurate.
Mercator- Preserves the shape of the countries. The sizes are inaccurate.
Eckert IV- Show the size of countries accurately but distort the shape near the poles.
Goode's Homolosine- Snips out bits of oceans which become distorted.