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Colorectal Cancer (CRC) ((((70 to 90% of cases are commonly diagnosed…

- - - - 70 to 90% of cases are commonly diagnosed after onset of symptoms (Macrae & Bendell, 2019).
      - Third most common cause of death in women (Macrae & Bendell, 2019).
      - Second most cause of death in men (Macrae & Bendell, 2019).
      - Most commonly seen symptoms include:
        Hematochezia (Bright red blood in stools) or melena (black stools), abdominal pain, iron deficiency anemia, and change in bowel habits (Macrae & Bendell, 2019).
- - - - Tumor markers: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has been identified as one of the markers present in CRC. However, it is not recommended by the American Society of Clinical Oncology as a diagnostic test. It is only recommended as a prognostic tool before and after treatment.
      - Laboratory tests: Not one in particular recommended as the symptoms can be broad and their absence does not rule out the disease (Macrae & Bendell, 2019).
      - PILLCAM 2: it can be used in patients with an incomplete colonoscopy and has no bowel obstruction (Macrae & Bendell, 2019).
      - Computed tomography colonography: shows imaging of air-filled distended colon. Requires a mechanical bowel preparation (Macrae & Bendell, 2019). Cons> Radiation related risks.
      - Flexible sigmoidoscopy: not preferred but an option if a palpable mass is present in the rectum (Macrae & Bendell, 2019).
      - Colonoscopy: the most accurate diagnostic tool. Screening usually recommended at age 45 for people at risk, otherwise at age 50 it should be done (Macrae & Bendell, 2019).
      - Histologic examination of biopsy that can be obtained from gastrointestinal tract endoscopy or from surgery (Macrae & Bendell, 2019).