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Emerson Brown Per.4 Nervous System (Drugs that effect the Brain (Inhalants…
Emerson Brown Per.4 Nervous System
Major parts of brain and functions
Midbrain: region of brain stem between the diencephalon and pons
Pons: bulging brain stem; between midbrain and medulla oblanga; separated by fourth ventricle
Epithalamus: most dorsal portion of diencephalon; forms roof of third ventricle with pineal gland
Medulla Oblangata: intermost part of brain stem; blends into spinal cord
Hypothalamus: region of diencephalon forming ventricle of the brain; caps brain stem
infundibulum
mammillary body
pituitary gland
regulate body temprature
control endocrine function
initiate physical response to emotions
control endocrine function
control autonomic nervous system
Cerebellum: "small brain" brain region involved in producing smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle activity
Thalamus: Mass of grey matter in diencephalon
relay station for information
80% of diencephalon
regulate emotion and visceral function
inputs for memory
Spaces and Ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
right lateral ventricle
Layers of Meninges
pia mater: the third layer of meninge; lies directly beneath the subarachnoid space; very thin and tightly adhered to the surface of the brain
highly vascularized
Arachnoid Mater: middle layer of meninges
layers of connective tissue
avascular
contains cerebrospinal fluid (acts as a protective cushion to the brain
underneath the arachnoid, lies a space known as sub-arachnoid space
Dura Mater: outermost layer of meninges; tough and inexstensible
two connective tissue sheets
periosteal layer: lies on the inner surface of bone
Meningeal layer: deep inside cranial cavity
receives its own vascularature (from arteries and veins)
Main functions:
protect the CNS from mechanical damage
provide supportive framework
Diseases of the Brain
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Hemorrhage: bleeding from ruptured vessels; leads to death; Symptoms: lucid and begins to deteriorate
Cerebral Edema: swelling of brain; on sequence of traumatic head injury; at best, it aggravates injury and at its worst it's fatal
Contusion: more serious concussion; can bruise brain and cause permanent damage; Symptoms: can cause a coma
Concussion: alteration in brain function following a blow to the head; Symptoms: dizziness and loss of consciousness
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)
cerebrovascular accidents: (stroke) brain tissue is deprived of blood supply; often caused when tissue dies of ischemia
transient ischemic attacks (TIAs): temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia
Degenerative Brain Disorders
Alzheimer's disease: results in loss of memory and motor control; dementia; 5-15% of people over 65 develop the disease
Parkinson's Disease: neurodegenerative disorder of basal nuclei caused by insufficient secretion of dopamine
Huntington's Disease: hereditary disorder, leading to degeneration of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
Drugs that effect the Brain
Inhalants (solvents, aerosol sprays, gases) stimulant; impairs speech, memory, and thought; damages the brain in fast ways and can cause hallucination, confusion, brain damage, or sudden death
Marijuana (cannabis, extracts, edibles, synthetics): smoking, vaping, or swallowing; relaxed, peaceful feeling but can cause severe anxiety; effects, speech, memory, and presence; leads to slow reaction times and effects physical balance
Opioids (heroin, morphine, codeine, etc.) injection; stimulant; meant to increase pleasure but can lead to itching, nausea, etc.; meant to treat pain but it has major withdrawal symptoms
MDMA (ecstasy): swallowing or snorting; stimulant; increases energy and causes distortion; feelings of euphoria and causes involuntary jaw movement; chills, sweating, panic attacks, overheating, and heart or kidney failure
Cocaine (crack): snorting, injecting, or smoking; stimulant; leads to increased activity and is associated with severe withdrawal periods
Methamphetamine (meth, crystal meth) smoking, injecting, or snorting; stimulant; speeds brain and nerve activity; severe overheating, heart damage, insomnia, paranoia, and delusion
Dissociative Drug (ketamine, PCP): swallowing, snorting, injecting, or smoking; stimulant; feelings of disattachment to body or environment; fever, coma, seizures, or death
Nicotine (cigarettes, cigars, snuff + pipe + chewing tobacco, nicotine gum and patches): smoking, inhaling, vaping, patch, chewing dipping; stimulant; can have a calming effect and is highly addictive; intense cravings and sleep disturbances
Alcohol: taken by drinking; depressant; has high potential for danger (shaking, confusion, headache)
Psychedelics (peyote, LSD): swallowing, snorting, injecting, or smoking; stimulant; hallucinations and may experience several emotions at one time; increase in blood pressure, heart rate, body temp.; causes paranoia, anxiety, insomnia, etc.
GHB and Rohyphl: swallowing; depressant; relaxes and can cause hallucination, coma, death, slowed breathing, and nausea; not approved for medical use in the U.S.
Major Nerves of the Body
Cranial Nerves: pairs of nerves which connect the brain to the head, neck, and trunk
VI. Abducens Nerve
controls muscle associated with outside eye movement
fibers from pons enter eye socket
VII. Facial Nerve
provides sensory and motor functions
moving muscles in face for expression
providing a sense of taste
supplying glands in head or neck area
communicating sensations from outer ear
fibers from pons travel through acoustic measures and emerge through stylomastoid
V. Trigeminal Nerve
largest of your cranial nerves
both sensory and motor functions
three divisions
Ophthalmic: sends info from upper part of face
Maxillary: communicates info from middle part of face
Mandibular: sends info from ears, lower lip, and chin; controls movement of muscles in jaw and ear (sensory and motor function
VIII. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
fibers from hearing receptors and equilibrium receptors pass from inner ear
cochlear portion
vestibular position
IV. Trochlear Nerve
controls superior oblique muscle (movement of eye)
emerges from part of midbrain
IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
both motor and sensory
originates in medulla oblongata and extends to neck and throat region
III. Oculomotor Nerve
two major functions
muscle function
pupil response
originates in front of the midbrain
XII. Hypoglossal Nerve
fibers from medulla exit the skull through the hypoglossal canal
II. Optic Nerve
sensory nerve that related to vision
comes into contact with receptor in the retina
XI. Accessory Nerve
formed from central rootlets
controls muscle in neck
I. Olfactory Nerve
transmits information based on smell
synapse is located in olfactory bulbs
X. Vagus Nerve
longest pathway (head to abdomen)
originates in the medulla
Spinal Nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves on each side of vertebral column
mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body
Major Functions
Responding to Information
Integration: processing and interpreting sensory inputs; making decisions
Monitoring
Sensory Input: information gathered by sensory receptors
Motor Output: activates organs and glands to cause response
Divisions of the PNS
PNS: cranial nerves and spinal nerves; communication lies between CNS and the remainder of body
Motor (efferent) Division: motor nerve fibers; conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
Automatic Nervous System (ANS): visceral (involuntary) motor nerve fibers; conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac, smooth, and glands
Parasympathetic Division: Conserves energy; promotes housekeeping functions
Sympathetic Division: mobilizes body systems during activity
Somatic Nervous System: somatic (voluntary) motor nerve fibers; conducts impulse from CNS to skeletal muscle
Major divisions
central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord; the control center of the Nervous System
peripheral nervous system (PNS): outside of central, nerves, ganglia, receptors, and motor endings
visceral sensory fibers: impulses from visceral organs
somatic fibers: convey impulses from skin, muscles, and joints
Lobes of the brain and function
Frontal
Frontal Eye Field
Brocca's area (Speech)
Pre-motor area
Responsible for:
Problem solving
Emotional processing
Concentration
Parietal
Speech (not relating to the Brocca's area)
Sensation (Touch and feeling)
Temporal
Wernicke's area: language development
Responsible for:
Memory
Auditory Patterns
Occipital
Visuals
Visual Image recognition
Motor Strip: control of muscles
Sensory Strip: Cutaneous (relation or affect of/to the skin
Anatomy of Spinal Cord
bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid provide protection
projections of grey matter include dorsal and ventral roots
spinal dura mater: single layer not attached to walls
epidural space: space between the vertebrae and dura mater
funiculi: white matter is divided into three columns
Parts of Reflex Arc
Sensory Neurons: nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses
Inter neurons: neuron which transmits impulses between other neurons
Receptors: convert energy from both external and internal environments into electrical impulses
Motor Neurons: nerve cells within the nervous system which control body movement and reflex
Muscles
Neurotransmitters: substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse; diffuses across synapse leads to the transfer of an impulse
function: enable neurotransmission
location: stored in synaptic vesicles and released in the synaptic cleft
major types
norepinephrine
serotonin
glutamate
dopamine
endorphine
GABA
Automatic Nervous System: consists of motor neurons that regulates bodily functions such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, papillary response, urination, etc.
Effectors
innervates cardiac and smooth tissue as well as glands
Efferent Pathways and Ganglia
pathway uses a tow-neuron chain
preganglionic neuron:cell body in CNS
postganglionic neuron (CNS): cell body
Neurotransmitter Effects
releases ACh
brain centers regulate brain
most spinal and cranial nerves
Two branches of ANS
parasympathetic division: promotes maintenance; keeps body energy as low as possible
sympathetic division: mobilizes body during activity
Action Potential: change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell
demonstrates what happens when a nerve is at rest
neuron sends info down the axon