Vertical; in relation to Prime Meridian (invisible line drawn from North pole to South pole)

The exact longitude and latitude of a precise point on Earth

(Global Positioning System) A tool that allows navigators to find their exact location.

Definition: A Change in shape, size or position of Earth's features

Weather: Conditions of atmosphere over a short period of time

How atmosphere behaves over a long period of time

(Only moderate changes): water moderated temperature. Ex. cool summers, warm winters

higher elevation causes colder weather, lower elevation causes warmer weather

Warmer currents causes warmer weather and vice versa

Plot monthly average precipitation and temperature for a given location.

Infant Mortality rate: (# of deaths/ #of live births) x 1000

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/population-pyramid-share.jpg

( % under 15 years old + % over 65 years old / % 15-64) x 100

Push factors; Unemployment, drought, war, persecution, etc.

Pull factors; Promise of wealth, job opportunities, healthy economy, etc.

interregional/Internal; moving from one region of a country, to another region of the same country

Transitional migration; occurs when migrants move from one country to another

Step Migration; occurs when people move up in hierarchy of locations (improving situation)

Chain Migration; occurs when when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migration foothold

Cyclical Migration; Occurs when workers migrate for temporary periods and then return to their home countries

definitional; a difference in definition, causing a confusion

Allocation; When a resource lies on both sides of territories. Who gets what?

Locational; where the boundary should be placed

Operational; when the border is established, but the problem is the movement between the borders

Ethnonationalism; when nations are (wrongly defined by a shared heritage, which usually includes a common language, a common faith, and a common ethnic ancestry

Centripetal Forces; things that bring the nation together. ex. a shared enemy, shared language, etc.

Centrifugal Forces; things that tear apart a country. ex. difference in cultures, etc.

Physical; defined by natural features. ex. mountains, rivers, etc.

Exclusive Economic Zone; 200 miles past shoreline where countries exercise only economic activities

Median Line Principle; if two countries are too close to each other for the UNCLOS treaty to apply, then a straight line will be drawn between the two countries

Fragment; a state that is separated by a physical or human barrier (ex. Ocean or another state)

Prorupted states; Fairly compact with one large projecting extension

Compact State; distance from center to any boundary is about the same

Enclave state: A state completely surrounded by another one, but not ruled by it

Exclave State; a part of a state that is completely separated from the main part of the state.

Primary: economic activity that involves harvesting raw materials from the earth

Tertiary: Selling finished products of moving them around. Mostly service jobs (army, doctor, etc). Restaurants are also tertiary; even though you are making food

Secondary: taking raw material and turning it into something of greater value (manufacturing them)

Pros: Can help catch up the poorer people/countries in the world

Cons: Means that everyone is relying on everyone