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World Geography (Ecology: Humans & Environment (5 Major Themes of…

- - - - Climate: average pattern of weather over time for a given region
      - Weather: general condition of the atmosphere at a given time and place with regard to precipitation, temperature, moisture, and cloudiness.
    - - Latitude
        
        As latitude increases, the average annual temperature decreases.
        
        Regions farther away from the equator are colder
      - Closeness to Large Bodies of Water
        
        Water moderates the temperature. Cooler summers. Warmer winters.
      - Orographic Effect
        
        As wind travels over mountain ranges, it loses all its moisture and increases in temperature
        
        Windward Side: cool, moist
        
        Leeward Side: warm, dry
      - Elevation
        
        As elevation increases the temperature decreases.
      - Ocean Currents
        
        Warm Currents: warmer climate
        
        Cold Currents: cooler climate
    - - Plots monthly average precipitation and temperature for a given location.
      - Line represents the temperature
      - Bar graph represents precipitation.
  - - - Where is it?
        
        Relative Location
        
        Absolute Location
        
        Lat/Long
        
        Address
    - - What's it like when you get there?
        
        Physical/human aspects of a location
    - - Movement of humans, goods, ideas
    - - Humans' effect on environment
        
        climate change, mass extinction
      - Environment's effect on humans
        
        How humans have adapted to a certain environment
        
        clothing
    - - Area(s) of planet that share the same characteristics
- - - - The surface of a sphere can not be represented as a plane without some form of distortion
        
        Distortion: a change in the shape, size, or location of a place when it is shown the map
      - Map projection
        
        A method to flatten the surface of Earth (a globe) into a plane.
        
        Mercator Projection
        
        Pros: the shapes are accurate and mostly at the equator
        
        Cons: distorts the size of the continents
    - - Absolute Location
        
        The precise point where a place is located on Earth
        
        Ex: Latitude and Longitude or Address
      - Relative Location
        
        Where a place is located in relation to another place
        
        Ex: North of __
    - - 2 sets of imaginary lines
        
        Parallels of Latitude
        
        Equator
        
        Line that circles exactly midway between North and South poles
        
        0 degree line
        
        A reference for measuring other parallels of latitude
        
        Other lines are parallel to the equator
        
        Most important
        
        Lines that run east and west around the globe
        
        Meridians of Longitude
        
        Half-circles that run from the North Pole to the South Pole
        
        Prime Meridian
        
        Most important
        
        0 degree longitude
        
        Reference for measuring other meridians of longitude
  - - - a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government
  - - - a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data.
- - - - economic activities that involve harvesting raw materials from the earth
        
        ex: farming, fishing, mining
    - - any activity where raw materials are processed into finished products of greater value
        
        factory manufacturing
    - - involves selling finished products or moving them around. Also, most service jobs are considered tertiary.
        
        ex: doctors, teachers, lawyers, estate-agents
- - - - broadens access to goods and service; there is a bigger market for cheaper prices
      - although it is debated whether this is good or not, globalization has lifted people out of poverty and opened up job opportunities
      - increased cultural awareness because of exposure to goods and services produced from other countries/cultures
    - - the workers in the developed country loses out to the workers in countries with cheaper
        
        they lose their jobs and have to find something else to do
      - failure to deliver proper gains in labor rights, human right, and environmental protection
        
        exploitation
  - - - Ex: Africa's Disadvantages
        
        Africa faces many geographic disadvantages that greatly contributes to its mass poverty
        
        Africa's undomesticatable plants and animals makes many things difficult such as the agriculture or economy
        
        Africa has many harsh, unconnected rivers that makes transportation and communication difficult
        
        Africa's massive size comes with a lot of disadvantages such as the wide variety/diversity of culture; varying climates; or lack of communication.
        
        There is a long list of many more of Africa's geographic disadvantages that contribute to the world's geographic inequality
- - - - An issue that is “geopolitical” involves conflict over borders and the territory of different countries.
    - - The authority to make political decisions about control over people, land, and resources. (Political Power)
    - - Definitional
        
        When border treaties are interpreted two different ways by states.
      - Locational
        
        When the border moves, like a river changing course or a lake drying up.
      - Operational
        
        When borders are agreed to, but passage across the border is a problem.
      - Allocational
        
        When a resource lies on two sides of a border. Who gets what?
    - - The belief that a nation is defined by a shared heritage, which usually includes a common ethnic ancestry.
    - - Centripetal: Factors that hold together the social and political fabric of a country.
        
        Ex: national pride, a well-liked leader, shared enemy, healthy economy, equality
      - Factors that tear apart the social and political fabric of a country.
        
        Ex: ethnic, racial, or religious differences, political polarization, failing economy, confrontational media.
    - - Geometric
        
        Straight-line boundaries that do not relate to the cultural or physical features of the territories involved.
        
        Ex: Colorado
      - Ocean
        
        United Nations has led the world’s efforts of creating boundaries of shared waters.
        
        UNCLOS Treaty
        
        The UN Convention on the Law of the Seas sets the following rules about oceanic boundaries;
        
        Territorial Waters
        
        However, ships from other countries have the right to “innocent passage” through these waters).
        
        Countries with territory on a coast exercise complete sovereignty up to 12 miles from the shoreline.
        
        Contiguous zone
        
        A band of water extending from the edge of the territorial water up to 24 miles. In this zone, states can exert limited control for the purpose of preventing or punishing “infringements of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory.
        
        Exclusive Economic Zone
        
        A country can claim up to 200 miles of territory beyond its shoreline for economic practices (ex: fishing and drilling).
        
        International Waters
        
        When there is not enough water between two countries the water is divided up evenly.
        
        1 more item...
      - Physical/natural
        
        Separate territory according to natural features in the landscape.
        
        Ex: Mountains, deserts, rivers.
    - - Compact State
        
        The distance from the center to any boundary is about the same.
        
        Shape like a square. Ex: Poland
      - Prorupted State
        
        An otherwise fairly compact state with a large projecting extension.
        
        Ex: Thailand
      - Perforated State
        
        Completely surrounds another state.
        
        Ex: South Africa
      - Elongated State
        
        A long, thin state.
        
        Ex: Chile
      - Fragmented State
        
        A state that is separated by a physical or human barrier.
        
        Technically, all states with off-shore islands are fragmented.
        
        Two kinds
        
        separated by water
        
        separated by another state
        
        Ex: Indonesia
      - Enclave State
        
        A state that is completely surrounded by another state but not ruled by it.
        
        Ex: Lesotho
      - Exclave State
        
        A part of national territory separated from the main body of the country to which it belongs.
        
        Ex: USA
- - - - Death/Mortality Rate
      - (Crude) Birth Rate
      - Rate of Natural Increase
      - Doubling Time
      - Total Fertility Rate
    - - Demographers use population pyramids to analyze a population's distribution of ages and genders
        
        Slow/Stable growth
        
        Rapid Growth
        
        Negative/Declining Growth
    - - Measures the pressure on the productive population.
    - - predicts how a country's population patterns change as it develops and matures
        
        Stage 1
        
        High birth rate
        
        Reasons: high infant mortality rate, no birth control (or medical assistance), no family control, need for labor workers, culture
        
        High death rate
        
        Reasons: no medical help, famine, diets
        
        Slow population growth
        
        Stage 2
        
        High birth rate
        
        same reasons as Stage 1
        
        High, but declining
        
        Reasons: better medical care, sanitation/water, food, transportation, decreasing mortality rate
        
        fast population growth
        
        Stage 3
        
        Declining birth rate
        
        Reasons: family sizes are controlled and more accessible, low infant mortality rate, industrialization (less labor), urbanization, desire for material, better role of women
        
        Low death rate
        
        same reasons as Stage 2
        
        High population growth, but it is evening out
        
        Stage 4
        
        low birth rate
        
        same reasons as Stage 3
        
        low death rate
        
        same reasons as Stage 2
        
        Stable/declining population growth
- - - - Push factor: something that encourages people to leave a place behind
      - Pull factor: something that encourages people to move to a new place
    - - Immigration vs. emigration
        
        Immigrate: to move to a country
        
        People who move to a new country are called immigrants.
        
        Emigration: to move from a country
        
        People who move away from a country are called emigrants
      - Internal migration
        
        involves moving from one region of a country to another
      - Step migration
        
        occurs when people move up in hierarchy of location (move step-by-step)
        
        with each move, the migrants improve their situation
        
        ex: farming -> neighboring town -> outskirts of major city -> city center
      - Chain migration
        
        occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, and develops a migration foothold
        
        Information is sent back to family, friends, business associates
        
        Encourages others to move to the new location
      - Cyclical migration
        
        occurs when workers migrate for temporary periods of time and then return back to their home countries,
        
        the receiving country gains benefits from the cheaper/hard-to-fill labor
        
        sending countries receive remittances
        
        remittances: money sent from transnational migrants to their families back home
    - - Refugees
        
        people who have been forced to leave a country due to war, persecution, natural disaster, etc.
      - Asylum
        
        protection granted by a nation to refugees seeking help