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The 13th Amendment (The Amendment Itself (Helped create this quote from…

- - - - Submitted to the states on February 1, 1865
        
        By the end of February, 18 states had ratified the Amendment.
        
        The first five states to ratify were:
        
        1.Illinois
        
        February 1, 1865
        
        Rhode Island
        
        February 2, 1865
        
        Michigan
        
        February 3, 1865
        
        Maryland
        
        February 3, 1865
        
        New York
        
        February 3, 1865
        
        The last five states to ratify were:
        
        New Jersey
        
        January 23, 1866
        
        The 13th Amendment was officially ratified on December 6, 1865. (Some of the states ratified the Amendment after the official ratification of the Amendment.)
        
        Texas
        
        February 18, 1870
        
        Delaware
        
        February 12, 1901
        
        Kentucky
        
        March 18, 1976
        
        Mississippi
        
        March 16, 1995
        
        The Republicans in Congress grew concerned about the Amendment as it was ratifying because when the slaves get counted as a whole person, that would suddenly increase the population of the Southern states, and would give them lots of power in the population-based House of Representatives.
- - - - After the ratification of the 13th Amendment, South Carolina immediately began to legislate black codes.
    - - The 13th Amendment nullified the Three-Fifths Compromise, which stated that the US Census shall count slaves as three-fifths of a person.
        
        It also nullified the Fugitive Slave Clause, which stated that a slave who flees to another state shall be returned to the owner in the state from which that person escaped.
    - - In 1866, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed black Americans Citizenship and equal protection of the law but still didn't allow them to vote.
        
        This is all legal, because Section 2 of the 13th Amendment said so.
  - - - After abolishing slavery with the 13th Amendment, people still wanted more than just that.
        
        They thought that they weren't truly free if you're free of slavery but still can't do anything else, such as vote, quit your job, or leave your plantation (as said by the black codes).
    - - Proponents of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, specifically Lyman Trumbull of Illinois and James F. Wilson of Iowa, argued that Section 2 of the 13th Amendment authorized the federal government to legislate civil rights for the states.
- - - - Side note: the Kentucky Law prohibited blacks from testifying against whites.
      - In conclusion, the United States overruled Kentucky's decision.
  - - - Blyew and Kennard also killed Richard's parents, Sallie and Jack Foster, and his blind grandmother, Lucy Armstrong, and severely wounded the Fosters' two young daughters.
        
        Kentucky courts would not allow the Foster children to testify against Blyew and Kennard, as they were white. Federal courts, authorized by the Civil Rights Act of 1866, found Blyew and Kennard guilty of murder.
        
        The Supreme Court ruled that the Foster children did not have standing in federal courts because only living people could take advantage of the Act. In doing so, the Courts effectively ruled that the Thirteenth Amendment did not permit a federal remedy in murder cases.
        
        Noah Swayne, the Supreme Court justice from the United States v. Rhodes case, and Joseph P. Bradley, another Supreme Court justice, dissented, maintaining that in order to have meaningful effects, the Thirteenth Amendment would have to address systemic racial oppression.
        
        In conclusion, the Supreme Court ruled that victims were not entitled to protection from the state law because the word "affected" in the law did not apply to victims of crimes who are not defendants in a case.