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The Nervous System Izaac Escobedo Period: 5 (Major divisions and…
The Nervous System
Izaac Escobedo
Period: 5
Major Functions of the nervous system
Sensory Function:
detects changes the stimuli
within the body and outside the body
Integrative Function:
It analyzes sensory
information, stores some aspects, and makes decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
Motor Functions:
it may respond to stimuli by
initiating muscular contractionsor glandular
secretions
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System:
F: - Receive incoming sensory information - issue instructions
Integration of information
Thoughts and emotions generated
Memories formed and stored
Most nerve impulses that influence effector
organs begin in CNS
L:
Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System:
F:
Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
Cranial nerves carry impulses to and from the cranium
L:
All nerves that extend from brain and spinal
cord
Two divisions of the PNS
Sensory (afferent) Nerves
relay information from skin,
muscles and glands to CNS
Motor (efferent ) Nerves
carry impulses from CNS to organs,
muscles
Two Types of Motor Neurons
Somatic nervous system
Conscious voluntary control
part of PNS
F:
brings info from skin, special
senses, body wall and limbs to CNS, and motor neurons to
skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Automatic, unconscious, involuntary
control
F:
brings info from receptors in internal organs to CNS and motor neurons smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
ANS
Sympathetic Nervous System: Emergency or non-normal situations
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Normal everyday situations
Major part of the brain and
their functions
cerebrum
F: Allows us to remember the past, plan for the future, and imagine things that have not happened
Diencephalon
F: Thalamus- relays sensory info.,
recognizes good vs. bad sensation.
Hypothalamus- Controls body
temp, water balance, metabolism &
endocrine function.
-A part of the limbic system that controls thirst,
appetite, sex, pain, & pleasure
Brain Stem
F: Midbrain: reflex center for vision &
hearing
Pons: relay between cerebrum and cerebellum, regulates breathing
Medulla oblongata: reflex center
for heart rate, B.P. breathing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing &
swallowing
Reticular Formation: (the network of
nerve fibers that connect gray matter) controls wake/sleep cycle
Cerebellum
-Controls equilibrium and balance (and
posture)
-Coordinates muscles of the body to move
smoothly (voluntary movements)
Names of all the lobes and their functions
Occipital Lobe
-processes vision (visual cortex)
Parietal Lobe
Size, shape, color, pain, temperature & speech
Temporal Lobe
•Hearing, Speech, Memory, Sequencing &
organization
Frontal Lobe
-Personality/emotions/intelligence
-Attention/Concentration
-Logic/Problem Solving
the layers of the meninges
Dura Mater
Tough, white dense connective
tissue, contains many blood
vessels
Arachnoid mater
Very thin, lacks blood vessels
Pia Mater
Attached to surface of the brain, thin, contains many blood vessels and nerves
Spaces &
ventricles
Left Lateral Ventricle
Right Lateral Ventricle
Central Part of the Left Lateral Ventricle
Third Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct
Choroid Piexus
Central Canal
Fourth Ventricle
Tissues (structure & function of a neuron)
Dendrite: the portion of the neuron that receives
impulse and sends the signal to the cell body
Cell Body: contains nucleus & other organelles, is the metabolic center
Axon: start as a single fiber, but may give off branches called collateral axon; the portion that conducts signal away from the cell body
Myelin: a fatty substance that surrounds axon, insulates the signal
Node of Ranvier: spaces between myelin/Schwann cells
Sensory (afferent) Neurons
F: transmit impulses TO CNS (the spinal cord
Motor (efferent) Neurons
F: transmit impulses away FROM CNS (the brain and spinal cord) to EFFECTORS (only 2 kinds of tissue: muscle and glandular epithelial
tissues)
Interneurons (central or connecting neurons)
F: transmit impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons; multipolar neurons in CNS
Classifications of neurons
Multipolar-
many dendrites, one axon
Bipolar-
one dendrite, one axon (sensory)
Unipolar-
fused axon and dendrite (sensory)
Major parts and
functions of the spinal cord;
White matter, made up of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (nerve tracts), surrounds a butterfly-shaped core of
gray matter housing interneurons and cell bodies.
fibers (nerve tracts), surrounds a butterfly-shaped core of
gray matter housing interneurons and cell bodies.
Anterior/ventral horns (motor)
Central canal
Two Major Functions
to transmit impulses to and from the
brain
to house spinal reflexes
Action Potential
Phase0:
The neuron membrane maintains resting potential
Phase1:
Threshold stimulus is received. Sodium channels in the trigger zone of the axon open
Phase2:
Sodium ions diffuse inward, repolarizing the axon membrane
Phase3:
Potassium channels in the axon membrane to open
Phase4:
Potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the axon membrane.
Phase5:
A wave of action potentials travel the length of the axon as an impulse
Drugs that affect the brain
Heroine:
It releases dopamine and dopamine receptors.
Ecstasy:
It makes the serotonin reverse it's job and affects the serotonin receptors.
Marijuana:
It affects it by dopamine-releasing on to the dopamine receptors.
Methamphetamine:
It will over affect the stem cell.
Alcohol:
It affects the cell from stopping the glutamate neurotransmitter.
Cocaine:
Cocaine blocks the dopamine transporters from neurotransmitters to enter
LSD:
The neurotransmitters are affected by the drug
Diseases associated with the brain
Hydrocephalus
anencephaly
doesn’t close
Dementia
Alzheimer's Disease
Parkinson's
CVA aka stroke
Divisions of the PNS of the body
Sensory/afferent neurons – carry
information from body toward CNS
Motor/efferent neurons – carry
instructions away from CNS to target or
effector organs of body
SNS
ANS
Anatomy of the spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid.
Coverings
Endoneurium:
surrounds
individual fibers within a nerve
Fascicle:
a group of nerve fibers
(group of wrapped axons)
Perineurium:
surrounds a
group of nerve fibers (surrounds
a fascicle)
Epineurium:
surrounds the
entire nerve
Neurotransmitters
dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin
gamma-aminobutyric acid
glutamate
Compare & contrast the
autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic Nervous System: Emergency or non-normal situations
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Normal everyday situations
Reflex arc
1.
sensory receptor
: afferent
nerve ending detects the stimulus
2.
sensory/afferent neuron:
sends
signal to CNS (reflex center)
3.
synapse/interneuron integration
center:
connection between the sensory neuron and motor
(efferent) neuron
4.
Motor/efferent neuron:
delivers a response to the target 5.
organ effector:
target organ responds to signal