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RS Short Course (Christianity (Christian Beliefs (Eschatology…
RS Short Course
Christianity
Marriage And The Family
The roles of the church
The area around the church is often referred to as the local parish. The job of the parish is to help support families in its area and help them with their faith.
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Church leaders can help explain and clarify questions about faith and religion - this is especially useful to children
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The role of family
In Christianity, family is very important.
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Children are supposed to be very obedient to their parents and parents are supposed to bring their children up as good people how would would like
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(🔤) Parents, never drive your children to resent you but bring them up well and guide them as God would want Ephesians 6:6
Christians may want a partner with strong religious beliefs similar to their own. This would be in conjunction with other commonly chosen ones like personality.
Weddings
Symbolisms
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Wedding Dress - Often white to symbolise purity in the bride (a bit sexist but isn't all of religion)
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Giving The Bride Away - Another sexist thing, The care and protection of the bride passed from the father to husband
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The Wedding Veil - Goes back to the times when arranged marriages were common and the husband would see his bride for the first time
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It can be argued that marriage makes you feel more connected to a partner. It can also help in the sense that it will give you some leagal footing in a court case.
Weddings are expensive however and man say that this hard earned money is wasted - after all, you don't love your partner any more when you are married.
God created marriage in order for humans to have a companion in life. (🔤) This was the first time he pronounced a part of his work 'not good' in the creation story saying it was 'not good for man to be alone' and thus created a human companion for him.
Vows
Vows are said in order to confirm important things about a marriage. These are a wonderful part of a wedding and are still applicable today
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Some vows are sexist and involve the wife telling her husband how she must commit to him. This is certainly not OK.
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Quotes:
(🔤) in the beginning, God created male and female. For this reason, a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh Mark 10:7
(🔤) Husbands love your wives just as Christ loved the Church..... A man who loves his wife loves himself... for this reason, a a man will leave his mother and father and unite with his wife Ephesians 5:21-33
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(🔤) I tell you, then, that any man who divorces his wife and for any cause other than her unfaithfulness, commits adultery is he marries some other woman Matthew 19:9
(🔤) I tell you anyone who looks at a woman and wants to possess her is guilty of adultery with her in his heart Matthew 5:28
(🔤) A provisional, purely private arrangement is not as good a framework as marriage for the nature of families Arch Bishop Of Caterbury
(🔤) The sexual act must always take place within marriage . Outside marriage it always constitutes a grave sin The Catechism Of The Holy Church
Same-Sex Couples
Homosexual - Attracted to people of the same sex /gender
Heterosexual - Attracted to people of the opposite sex / gender
(🔤) Neither the sexually immoral nor the idolaters nor adulterers not men who have sex with other men will inherit the kingdom of God Corinthians 6:9-11
Many Christians that only a man and woman should get together in a [sexual] relationship as in the Bible it expresses that we should procreate
The church of England is very divided. Some accept the idea of homosexuality and accept the fact that it is not a choice and others remain opposed to it. Unfortunately, the vast majority of Christians believe it to be wrong including Protestants and all Catholics.
The view of many is that homosexuality is wrong and anyone who is homosexual should remain celibate.
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Sexual Relationships
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Christianity teaches that sex is a gift from God and that humanity should enjoy it between a man and woman. It is not just for pleasure but also [crucially] for the creation of children
(🔤) because of the temptation sexual immorality, each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband Corinthians 7:v2
Views on Co-Habitation
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Protestant - Not really that great but we still accept that it happens and will not kick you out of the Church.
Catholic Church - Big Fat No. You will be removed from the Church for fear that you may set a bad example.
Liberal Christians - They do not regard sex before marriage as sinful however they would 'recommend' getting married before starting a family
Contraception
Roman Catholics Say: Big fat no because it requires an intentional act to prevent pregnancy and thus not to pro-create. This is going against what Jesus taught.
Other Christians are more lenient realising that sex can show love between a couple who may not be ready for children yet.
Quotes
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(🔤) Behold, Children are a heritage from the Lord, the fruit of the womb reward Pslam 127:3
(🔤) The husband should fulfil his marital duty to his wife, and likewise the wife to her husband Said by no one ever
Methods:
Rhythm Method - Just about OK because it is a natural method but it is still intentionally decreasing the chance of getting pregnant. :check:
Barrier Methods - It's a no from Christians as it puts something in the path of the sperm and this will intentionally prevent it from fertilising the egg :forbidden:
Withdrawal - This one is natural but they do not agree with it because it involves wasting sperm :forbidden:
The Coil (When a small pipe is inserted into the female to prevent the embryo from developing)- Surprisingly this is OK because it means that the conception is not blocked :check:
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Abstention - Oh what an oppressive regime it would have to be if this was not allowed. It would affectively make rape legal. :check:
The Morning After Pill - This is often viewed as an early abortion so is frowned upon by all Christian groups. Christians say that life begins at conception. :forbidden:
Sterilisation - Because this is an operation rendering the user unable to have children ever, Christians do not like this one bit. :forbidden:
Gender Roles & Equality
(🔤) So God created man in his image, male and female he created them Genesis 1:27. This appears to suggest that men and women are equal as they were both created in his image.
(🔤) The lord God said it is not good for man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him. Genesis 2:18 This shows men and women as not equal as women are described as just a helper, a side-note; afterthought.
(🔤) Wives submit yourselves to your husbands as you do the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ s head of the Church Ephesians 5:22. This use of language does not present a healthy depiction of Women's roles in life. It does itself no favours for helpfully comparing how a person would have executive rights and decisions over an establishment to how they propose men treat their wives.
(🔤) In this same way, husbands ought to love their wives as their own bodies Ephesians 5:28. To add extra insult to what they have already said, they contrast language like 'submit to' and 'be head of' to love. This almost seems like, again, an afterthought implying that when you are busy being head of your wife, maybe love her to.
Denominational Views
Evangelical Protestants - Believe that women and men should have very different roles in religion. During Church service, they marginalise women; not even allowing them to speak. It goes without saying, of course, that they will not accept a female leader
Liberal Christians - Are happy to accept equality according to the laws of the land. They have had a female leader
Catholics - Claim that they think people should be treated equally even if this does not mean the same. This may raise issues because what one person thinks is 'the same' may not be directly parallel to another. The do not like the idea of a female pope so. They are not supporters of equality after all.
Atheists - Most people who live in developed nations would agree that men and women should be completely equal in society. They do, however, often still have some prejudice - man say this could be a factor in Hillary Clinton's failure to become president.
Christian Beliefs
The Nicene Creed
The Nicene creed was set up by a holy Roman emperor in order to help standardise the religion across his land. This was before the days of the Bible so is the oldest teaching people have about the rules they should follow.
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The Trinity
The Trinity helps people to comprehend God as ordinarily, his transcendence makes it hard for us humans to understand. By categorizing God into three distinct parts, we can more easily see his qualities and traits. For example, God the son is portrayed as a more relatable character for humans. Because he assumed human form, Christians often find it easier to understand Jesus and his qualities.
The holy spirit is the part of God that mingles with us humans all the time. It is sometimes said that without the presence of the holy spirit, we would find it impossible to understand the other parts of the trinity.
Baptist wedding ceremonies 🧖 are often blessed in the name of the father, the son and holy spirit.
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(🔶) Virgin Birth - The belief that Jesus was not conceived by humans but instead Mary was just the carrier of God's 'clone'
God the son, Jesus helps Christians understand the love of God. He also helps Christians understand the salvation we have from sin through God's sacrifice
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The trinity is expressed by people crossing themselves when they enter a Church or when the trinity is mentioned.
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Jesus 😇
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John's Gospel
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(🔤) The world became flesh and he made his dwelling among us John 1:14. This describes how, God made the earth and now he (in the form of Jesus) has made it his home too.
Incarnation Of Jesus
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It is important for Christians that Jesus is seen to be like us. While he was divine, he was still born into the world naturally and experienced ageing.
Jesus needed to be a human being in order to shed blood and experience suffering. Without him being able to do this, he could not repent the sins of humanity. (🔤) without the shedding of blood, there is no forgiveness of sins Hebrews 9:22
Human traits
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(🔤) after fasting for forty days and forty nights, he was hungry. - This shows that Jesus experiences hunger
(🔤) his sweat became like great drops of blood falling down to the ground - This shows that Jesus perspires
(🔤) one of the soldiers pierced his side with a spear, and at once there was blood and water - This shows that Jesus had blood, he had organ but also that he had weakness and was vulnerable.
(🔤) that my joy may be in you - Shows that Jesus experiences joy, happiness and elation
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Last Days
One the last night before his arrest, Jesus shared a meal with his followers called the last supper. He shared bread and wine before washing his follower's feet to show that even though he was God's Son, he was there to serve them.
Jesus's followers wanted to fight the guard who came to arrest Jesus however he stopped them. In all the commotion, the guard has his ear cut off. Being the kind and loving person that he was, Jesus healed it before he was marched away.
The leader of the Roman army put Jesus on trial however couldn't find him guilty. He put the question to the people asking them if they would rather see Jesus or a Jewish freedom fighter (like a terrorist) killed. They chose the freedom fighter so he was sentenced to death.
Finally, Jesus was marched up to Goltha and was given his cross. He denied any 'pain killers' before being nailed to the cross and then hung. Just before his death, he said a prayer for the thieves who had been executed next to him, (🔤) Father, forgive them, for they did not know what they were doing
3 Days after Jesus was killed, his tomb stone was found rolled aside my Mary Magdalene and 'the other Mary' They were confused but Jesus appeared and explained that he had risen again. This prompts many people who had never believed before to believe in Jesus
40 days since his original crucifixion, he ascended to heaven in order to join his father. Not before telling his disciples to remain in Jerusalem where they could receive special powers of their own from the holy spirit.
Some say that there are inaccuracies in the Records. For example, a record from Matthew states that the arrest of Jesus actually took place in the Garden of Gethsemane
Salvation and atonement
(🔶) The word atonement means making amends for injury caused however in Christian context, it refers to the reconciliation of humans through Jesus Christ
(🔶) The word salvation means the preservation of deliverance from harm or loss however in Christian terms it explains deliverance from sin and consequences.
By atoning our sins, we can be salvaged from hell and purgatory to go to heaven. This is only possible however because Jesus died for our sins. It was only thanks to him that humans can reconcile or restore their relations with God.
(🔤) For God did not send his only Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him This describes how Jesus cam to save us all from hell through his own suffering.
(🔤) For God so loved the world he gave his only begotten son, so we may have eternal life John 3:16.
Ways to atone sin:
- Get the sacrament from a Baptism or Confirmation
- Receive the sacrament from reconciliation / confession
- Receive the sacrament from a holy Communion
- Leading a good Christian life
Without salvation, you will be unable to have a relationship with God due to your sin. This will result in you being dammed to hell. Salvation is the only way to achieve eternal life with God in heaven This life will be perfect beyond description.
Denominational Views
Catholics - The Catholic teaching is that Jesus offered himself as a sacrifice for human sin in an act of love. Christ showed his father's love for humanity.
Evangelical Protestants - God needed some way to punish humanity for its sin. He took it on himself through Jesus and thus he he did not have to punish humans. Jesus is described as a substitute for human kind.
Liberal Protestant - Many liberals believe that God brought atonement by acting as a moral example to humanity. In response to the love Jesus showed humanity, humans are inspired to follow his example and lead a good life to repent their sins.
Creation Story
(🔤) In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth This quote shows very clearly that God created the earth and the universe we know
(🔤) In the beginning was the World, and the World was with God Shows that both God and our earth are very closely linked with each other
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Creating is important as it demonstrates God's goodness. In genesis one, it states that after every day of work, God pronounces his work 'good'. It is also important is it presents us as the only creatures with 'Self knowledge'. This means that we have free will and have learned to love our creator. Because of this uniqueness, Christians believe that we have a duty to look after our planet in a way called Stewardship.
Eschatology
(🔶) [Christian] Eschatology - The concern with the ultimate fate of man kind. This includes resurrection, judgement etc.
A common phrase is 'death is the final adventure' This means that once people have lived out their action packed lives, they cannot pass on to the after life if they have not experienced the finale.
Reasons people may believe in the afterlife:
- Near death experiences
- Ghosts and other supernatural communication
- Religious ideologies
- Simple and pure hope
Christians believe that once they die they will be resurrected at some point just as Jesus was. This means that they will be given a new body in order to join others in heaven.
(🔤) Jesus said to her, 'I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me will live, even though he dies. This teaches Christians that if they follow the teachings of Jesus they will be rewarded with eternal life.
A common idea of Christianity is Immortality of the Soul. This describes that when you die, while your physical body will decay and rot, your soul will live in the care of God. When the time is right, God will judge our earthly lives and decide what to do with us in the after life. Some people will go to heaven while some will be dammed to hell but whatever your afterlife holds, Christians believe that it was made possible by Jesus's death on the cross.
Denominational Views
Roman Catholics are the only denomination of Christianity to believe in the existence of purgatory. They believe that is is a middle ground for people to work off their sins and repent your wrongs. People who spend time in purgatory can eventually gain a place in heaven however those who shun God are dammed to hell. Only the most righteous will be sent strait to heaven and only the most unrighteous will be sent to hell.
Interestingly, there is no actual mention of purgatory in the bible and this may be why many don't believe in it. It is often described as the waiting room of heaven because [just like when you are waiting for something in the NHS] even if you have to wait a long time, you will still get there at some point. Purgatory is usually described as the gateway to heaven however interestingly, a common belief is that innocent people here on earth who are suffering are living their purgatory now and thus will go strait to heaven.
Methodist Christians believe that upon your death, your soul is judged by God. This is not an instantaneous coming however, you must wait in a peaceful sleep until the day of judgement arrives. God requests repentance for your sins but pardons them if you have faith in him. These people believe that, at birth, you are predestined to go to heaven or hell based on your belief in Jesus Christ.
Universal salvation is the view that we will all eventually be admitted to heaven due to the fact that God is all loving. How could and omni-benevolent God send us to hell to suffer?
(🔤) For we know that if the earthly tent we live in is destroyed, we have building from God - This shows that our life on earth was only meant to be temporary - have a short life span and that our ultimate home is in the buildings with God.
(🔤) Meanwhile we groan, longing to be clothed instead with our heavenly dwelling Corinthians. Christians groan when they think of our inferior bodies and long for the new ones they will be given in heaven.
(🔤) the one who has fashioned us for this very purpose is God, who has given us the spirit as a deposit, guaranteeing what was to come Corinthians. This shows that God is preparing us for our eternal life in heaven
(🔤) would prefer to be away from the body and at home with the Lord Corinthians. Shows that one day we will no longer have to be guided by faith, we will be guided by the lord himself.
(🔤) For we must all appear before the judgement seat of Christ, so that each of us may receive what is due us for the things we have done while in the body Corinthians. We must all appear before Christ and be judged on our actions. These actions could be good or bad. We will then be sentenced accordingly to either heaven or hell.
God The Judge
Christians believe that god sees, hears and knows everything about you. This is so he can make an informed decision about your life when he comes to Judge you.
When we speak about God judging someone, we are talking about him deciding whether they should be admitted to heaven or hell.
Some fear for Judgement day as God has displayed his extreme power and anger in many forms. People needn't be afraid though because God is omni-benevolent. God is a fair Judge
(🔤) Now we know that God's judgement [is] against those who do such things is based on the truth Romans 4
God the judge helps Christians to behave in a continuously good manor as they know he is always watching. It can also help people feel more connected to God as he sees them in many different situations.
(🔤) [talking about Jesus] He ascended to heaven and will wait to judge all men 39 Articles Of Religion. This quote is referring to a common Christian belief known as judgement day. This involves the souls of people waiting around to be judged by Jesus in an event often called the second coming of Christ.
(🔤) This day thou shall be with me in paradise This is a quote said by Jesus to the robbers next to him while he was being crucified. It interferes that the robber will not have to wait until Judgement day but instead will be judged as soon as he dies: this is sometimes referred to as immediate retribution.
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The 10 Commandments
- You shall not have other gods before me
- You shall not make for yourself an idol
- You shall not misuse the name of the lord
- Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy
- Honour thy father and thy mother
- You shall not murder
- You shall not steal
- You shall not commit adultery
- You shall not give false testimony against your neighbour
- You shall not covet
The 10 commandments are important to Christians as these are some of the defining qualities that Jesus possessed and because Jesus was perfect, Christians aspire to be like him.
Keeping all of the commandments is virtually impossible because we are all humans and we posses some of these qualities by nature and they are impossible to suppress. For example, if you are hungry and someone else has food, you will be jealous of them. This is simple survival instinct! For this reason, if your entry to heaven was based on these alone, hell would be very full.
[The Problem Of] Evil
Two contrasting terms are God: Being positive or desirable in nature vs. Evil: Morally bad, wicked or intending harm
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(🔤) Praise the Lord, my soul and forget not all of his befits -
who forgives all of your sins
and heals all of your diseases
who redeems your life from the pit and crowns you with love and compassion
who satisfies your desires with good things These quotations from Psalm 103 give Christians hope and encouragement that God is omni-benevolent and that when they ascend to heaven, they will be greeted by all of these things.
Evil can be sorted into two categories, natural and moral evil. Moral evil describes when people are carrying out evil acts while natural evil is uncontrollable things that cause suffering. An example of natural evil is Volcanos or Tsunamis (however it could be argued that we are aggravating the situation via climate change). Moral evil on the other hand is things that definitely are in our control such as murder and rape.
The inconsistent triad
The inconsistent triad describes three things that seemingly exist together that can't. These are Evil In The World, God Being Omni-benevolent and God being Omniscient. We know that evil exists so does that mean that either god is not omni-benevolent or god is not omniscient?
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The parable of Job (pronounced Jobe) encourages Christians to stay true to themselves and their religion. It tells them to keep faith even when times are hard and explains that things can only get better if you push through. It could potentially call into question God's omni-benevolence if he allowed everything that happened to happen. The story of JOB:
- Satan tells God that the only reason people follow him is because he is kind to them
- God rejects this claim and decides to allow Satan to test a loyal follower JOB
- JOB was a well off man but, over night, Satan took away everything; his children, animals and money
- JOB stays true to God responding by praying to him
- Satan then says that, If he hurt JOB, then he would turn against God
- God allowed this and JOB became infected with a deadly disease but still stayed true to God
- With Satan proved wrong, God returned everything JOB had lost including more
Christian Response to suffering is usually one of 4 things:
- Pray
- Follow what Jesus taught and help the needy
- Campaign for justice
- Bring up their own children with the correct (Christian) morals
Islam
Muslim Beliefs
Sunni vs. Shia
Both Sunni and Shia share the belief that the most important article of faith is the existence of God (or Allah)
Both denominations have a set of core beliefs. The Shia set is called the 5 Roots while in Sunni Islam, they are referred to as the 6 beliefs.
5 Roots
- Allah - The belief in a single, all knowing, all loving, all powerful God.
- Justice- an ideology that Allah wishes justice on all of as he created the world
3 / 4. Prophets - This is an important difference. They believe that prophets came to help us all on the road to faith. The prophets in Shi Islam are only currently continuing up to Mohammed but there is no reason why he Prophets cannot come
It is this that can cause most disagreement across the different people. Sunni Muslims would argue that by believing in another prophet yet to come , the inference would be that Muhammad was not perfect. How can this be?
- Day of Judgment - The belief that, at some point in the future, we will be judged and then awarded a place in either heaven or hell.
6 Beliefs
- As before, the belief in a single, Omni- God
- Angels. While Shi'a Muslims still believe in angels they have not designated it as one of their core beliefs. Angels are essential for human faith.
- Just like in Shi'a Islam, prophets are central to the religion. On the other hand, views differ dramatically on the idea that Muhammad was the final prophet.
- Holy books or kitubs are extremely important as they are claimed to be the words of Allah
- The The last day. This is the belief that on a final day, we will be judged by God on how they live.
- Life after death. Like in Christianity, following God's verdict you can be dammed to hell or sent to heaven. There you will spend the rest of your life.
Beleif in Tawhid:
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Allah is said to have no partners, equals or superiors. Worshipping anyone as suh is forbidden
Allah
Allah is the single God of Islam, he is all powerful, omniscient, omnipresent and omnibenevolent like the Christian God.
(🔶🔶🔶🔶🔶🔶) Allah is described as being a creator this means that he brings something [everything] into egsistance. Allah is also said to be trancendent this means that his very nature is beond human comprehension. He is also said to be a judge - he is just and fair this is described as the word Adalat. God is also Immanent - this means he is acting in the world.
(🔤) Blessed be he in whose hands is dominion, and He is over all things hath power Surah 57:3. - Shows Allah's omnipotence
(🔤) He is the first and last, the most high and the most near Surah. This is a domonstration from the Qur'an abot Allah's trancendence. He has shown himself to be worthy of our worship
(🔤) In the name of Allah, Most gracious, most merciful Surah 67:1. This shows Allah's omni benevolence and that he is merciful to sin
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(🔤) God is more loving and kinder than a mother to her dear child Surah 73:28. This shows God is omnibenevolent and that he shows compassion. People should treat others in this way too.
(🔤) The most excellent names belong to Allah: Use them to call him - A common quote that is thrown arround to refer to the 9 names of Allah.
🔶 Angels (Malaikah) 🔶
Angels are important as they are used to brige the gap between humanity and Allah. For example, Angel Jibreal visited Muhammad to dictate the content of the Qur'an.
Angels are considered to be messengers of God - created without free will to bridge the Gap between the trancendence of God an the normality of humanity. This task is also seen as 'too holy' for God to do it himself. They are described in the Qur'an as 'huge and feelingless' they are without weakness, cannot disobay and do not have the needs of us humans
Important Angelic figures -
1) Jibril : Known in chrisianity as the angel Gabriel, Jibril is seen as the main messanger angel. He is said to be the cheif angel and is best known for reveiving most of the Qur'an to Jibreal.
2) Mika'il : Known in Christianity as the angel Michael, Mika'il is supposed to be the guardian angel of heaven - keeping out the devil and banishing evil. He also nourishes humans by bringing rain upon us.
3) Izra'il : Is sometimes refered to as the angel of death. In the Qur'an it describes how the angel of death is responsible for taking the souls of people back to Allah
🔶 Prophets (Risalah) 🔶
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In Islam, there are said to have been over 124,000 prophets across the globe.
Muslims beleive that Allah created humans in order to look after the earth (vicegerents). All the prophets demonstrated great qualities and set a good example for Muslims to follow. This is known as being a Khalifah.
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Many muslims name their children after prophets and strive to raise them to immitate them. Hence why there are so many Mohammads in Islamic countries
The prophets to know.
Adam. just like in Christianity, Adam was the first human to walk the earth. Ibis, thevil, temped Adam and his wife to disobey Allah. They were sent down to earth but Allah forgave them. (🔤) *Abraham was indeed a
🔶 Holy Books (Kitub) 🔶
Muslims believe that Allah sent angels to earth to give messages to huminty. These were recorded in holy books. This means that holy books are the teachings revealed to prophets.
(🔤) Msulims will never touch the Qur'an without wahing their hands first. They will also never eat drink or talk while eating it. This shows that it is a holy object and that people will never disrect it as they believe it is the words of God. It is beleived to be the final, exact and untouched, eternal, word of God
🔶 Belief in Al-Quadr 🔶
Al-Quadr is the belief that all of our paths have been laided out for us and therefore the outcome of every decision we make has already been decided. This is known as predestination.
There are propblems with this as people say that we wouldn't have free will any more. It also can't be fair to judge humans on things pre-decided by Allah himself.
Sunni and Shi' have differet soultions to this problem.
1 [The Shi'a approach] - Just becuase Allah knows our future doesn't mean that we have lost our free will.
2 [Sunni Answer] - Decisions are our own choice - Allah would end up interfeering all the time.
Belief in Al-Quadr means that when things aren't going well for Muslims, they shouldn't worry as Allah is in control so all will be well. Suffering is also accepted as people beleive it is just part of God's wider plan.
Muslims belive that although Allah's plan will happen, people will still be responsible for their own destiny. Muslims need to follow the teaching detailed in the kittub in order to ensure that they chose the choices that Allah has laid out for them.
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Judgement - The day Allah will judge each and every person on the plannet. This makes muslims want to behave well.
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Shariah - The code / law that muslims need to follow. This is especially relevant if you are not living in a non-Islamic country and thus it is not the law of the land in your country
Resurrection - When a soul detaches from the body and is sent up to God. This encourages Muslims to do good deeds so that they will have a 'clean soul'
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