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Nervous System Leslie Ross p.7 (Anatomy of the spinal cord (White matter-…
Nervous System Leslie Ross p.7
Drugs that affect the brain
Alcohol- is taken by drinking, glutamates acts as the brain general purpose excitatory neurotransmitter and delivers develop sedective punch
Cocaine- is taken by snorting, injecting, or smoking and the effects will be the increase of energy, confidence but it also decrease the appetite, get a stroke, seizure, heart attack and death
Opioids- be taken as pill, patch, injecting, snorting or smoking. It comes from a certain plant but also can be made in labs. The effects are itchiness, nausea, vomiting, cations of breathing, body aches and chills
Inhalents- is taken by inhaling. It involves with chemicals like solvents, aerosol, and gases. The effect will be brain damage, hallucination, confusion, seizure, and sudden death
Marijuana- is taken by smoking, vaping, and swallowing. This is made with a marijuana plant and contain THC. The effects are anxiety, paranoid, memory lost, coordination of balance
MDMA- is taken by swallowing and snorting. It increase of energy and it involves with dancing in clubs. The effects is muscle contraction, chill, sweating, body temperature, kidney failure, panic attack and seizure
Methamphetamine- is taken by smoking, injecting, and snorting. It speed up brain and nerves activity and also made in the lab. The effects decrease appetite, low energy, seizure, memory lost, and heart damage
GHB & Rohypnol- is taken by swallowing. This is what party user will use to feel relaxation. It can also be put in drinks which would lead it as a date rape drug. The effects is hallucination, nausea, slow breathing, coma, and death
Psychedelics- is taken swallowing, snorting, injecting, and smoking. It is a group of drugs that is found within nature and cause hallucination. The effects emotions, see, hear, or feel things, increase body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and nausea
Dissociative Drug- is taken by swallowing, snorting, injecting, and smoking. This is used in animals that will cause hallucination and feeling detachment of the body. The effects is lost touch with reality, behave violently, fever, seizure, coma, death, and feeling of death.
Nicotine- is taken by smoking, inhaling, "vaping", patch, chewing, and dipping. It is made by a tobacco plant and increase nerve activity. The effects intense craving, difficult to concentrate, sleep, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and cancer
Major functions of the
nervous system
Brain- A soft, wrinkled organ the weighs about 3 pounds, is located inside the cranial cavity, where the bones of the skull surround and protect it. The approximately 100 billion neurons of the brain form the main control center of the body. The brain and spinal cord together form the central nervous system (CNS), where information is processed and responses originate.
Nerves- Are bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that acts as information highway to carry signals between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Each axon is wrapped in a connective tissue sheath called the endometrium. Individual axons of the nerve are bundle into groups of axons called fascicles, wrapped in a sheath of connective tissue called the perineum. Many fascicles are wrapped together in another level of connective tissue called the perineum to form a whole nerve.
Spinal Cord- Is a long, thin mass of bundled neurons that carries information through the vertebral cavity of the spine beginning at the medulla obligation of the brain on its superior end and continuing inferiority of the lumbar region of the spine. In the lumbar region, the spinal cord separates into a bundle of individual nerves called the caudal equine that continues inferiority to the sacrum and coccyx.
Basal Ganglia- Strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas. The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movement, cognition and emotion. A group of structures found deep within the cerebral hemispheres.
Digestive tract- The entire nervous system located in the digestive tract. Also the gastrointestinal tract is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and stomach and intestines part of the gastrointestinal tract
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System- Subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland. The involuntary system since it controls body activities automatically. It is very important in maintaining homeostasis for the body
Peripheral Nervous Systems (PNS)- Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves, communication lines.
Structural Divisions of the Nervous System- Can be divided into major regions; the central and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is everything else
Central Nervous System- Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
The Nervous systems is comprised of two major subdivisions, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Somatic nervous system- Subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles. Send commands to skeletal system.
Neurons- Cells that transmit electrical message from one area of the body to another area
Neurogila- Cells that support, insulate, and protects neurons. These cells are able to divide and are usually involved in brain tumors.
Major part of the brain and
their functions
Frontal Lobe- The frontal lobe are anterior to the central sulcus. They are essential for planning and executing learned and purposeful behaviors; they are also the site of many inhibitory functions. There are serval functionally distinct areas in the frontal lobes
Parietal Lobes- Several areas in the parietal lobes have specific function. Then the processes of the sensory information that s regarding the location of the body part
Occipital Lobe- Is the visual that is processing in the center and contain the primary visual cortex and the Vistula association area
Limbic lobe- The limbic lobe (limbic system) includes structures that receive inputs from diverse areas of the brain and that participate in complicated interrelated behaviors (memory, language, emotions). Lesions that affect the limbic system usually result in a variety of deficits
Insula- The insula integrates sensory and autonomic information from the viscera. It play a role in certain language functions, as evidenced by aphasia in patients with some insular lesions. The insula processes aspects of pain and temperature sensation and possibly taste
Temporal Lobe- Are integral to auditory perception, receptive components of language, visual memory, declarative (factual) memory, and emotion. Patients with right temporal lobe lesion commonly lose the ability to interpret nonverbal auditory stimuli (music). Left temporal lobe lesions interfere greatly with the recognition memory, and formation language
Major part of the brain and their function
Cerebrum- Is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch , vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning , emotions, learning, and fine control of movement
Cerebellum- Is located under the cerebrum. Its functions is to coordinate muscle movement, maintain posture, and balance
Diencephalon- The region of the embryonic vertebrate neural tube that gives to one another
Brain Stem- Act as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting and swallowing
Spaces & Ventricles
The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and located within the brain parenchyma. There choroid plexuses are located in the ventricles produce CSF, which fills the ventricles and subarachnoid space, following a cycle of constant production and reabsorption
Communicating the network of cavities that are filled with the cerebrospinal fluid
Major Divisions and subdivision of the nervous system
Neuroglia- Cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons. These cells are able to divide and are usually involved in brain tumors
Neurons- Cells that transmit electrical message from one area of the body to another area
Somatic Nervous System- Subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of skeletal muscles. Sends commands to skeletal system
The nervous system is comprised of two major subdivision the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)- Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- Nervous system subdivision that is composed of the brain and spinal cord
Autonomic Nervous System- Subdivision of the PNS that regulates the activity of the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands. It is also called the involuntary nervous system because it controls body activities automatically. It is very important in maintaining for the body
Structural Division of the Nervous System- The nervous system can be divided into two major region: the central and peripheral nervous system. The central system (CNS) is the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is everything else
Classification of neurons
Neurons are classified functionally according to the direction in which the signal travels, in relation to the CNS. This classification also result in three different type of neurons and interneurons
Sensory neurons of afferent neurons transmit information from sensory receptors in the skin or the internal organs toward the CNS for processing. Almost all sensory neurons are unipolar
Motor or efferent neurons transmit information away from the CNS toward some type of effector. Motor neurons are typically multipolar
Interneurons are located between motor and sensory pathway and are highly involved in signal integration. The vast majority of inter neurons are confined within the CNS
Action Potential
Step 2- Depolarization once the charge reaches -59mV due to Na+ moving into the neurons, the channels will open. Na+ floods the cells and the neurons becomes positive reaching 30mV
Step 3- Repolarization once the 30mV is reached, the Na+ channels close and the K+ channels open, K+ floods out of the cells and the charge becomes negative again
Step 1- Special channels called stimulus gated channels in the dendrite open when certain chemicals like neurotransmitters bind to them
Step 4- Hyperpolarization K+ floods back out so quicklythat a charge of -75mV is reached for a short period of time before resting potential is reached again
Tissues (structure and functions of a neuron)
Ependymal Cell- Are ciliated and line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord where they form a fairly permeable barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid that fills these cavities and the tissues cells of the CNS
Schwann Cells- Surrond all nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system and form myelin sheaths around the nerve fiber. They are found in the PNS. Their function is similar to oligodendrocytes
Nervous tissue contain two categories of cells- neurons and neurogila. Neurons are highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses. Neurogila are supporting cells that provide physical sport, remove debris, and provide electrical insulation
Satellite Cell- Surrond neurons cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They are analogous to the astrocytes in the CNS
Structure- Nervous tissue is composed of neurons, also called nerve cell and neuroglial cells. Four types of neurogila found in the CNS are astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes- Are shaped like a star and are the most abundant glial cell in the CNS. They have many radiating processes which help in clinging to the neurons and capillaries. They support and brace the neurons and anchor them to the nutrient supply lines. The also help in the guiding the migration of young neurons. Control the chemical environment around neurons
Microglial Cells- Are small and oviod U shape with thorny processes. They are form in the CNS. When invading microorganism or dead neurons are present, the microglial cells can transform into a phagocytic macrophage and help in cleaning the neuronal debris
The layers of the meninges
Arachnoid mater- The middle layer of the meninges connects the dura mater and pia mater. The arachnoid memebrane loosely covers the brain and spinal cord and gets its name from its web-like appearance. Is connected to the pia mater through tiny fibrous extensions that span the subarachnoid space between the two layers. The subarachniod space provides a route for the passage of blood vessels and nerves through the brain and collects cerebrispinal fluid that flows from the fourth ventricle. Membrane projections from the arachnoid mater called arachnoid granulations extend from the subarachnoid space into the dura mater
Pia Mater- This thin layer of the meninges is in direct contract with and closely covers the cerebral cortex and spinal cord. Has a rich supply of blood vessels, which provide nutrients to nervous tissue. This layer also contain the chorid plexus, a network of capillaries and ependyma that produce cerbrospinal fluid. The choroid plexus is located within the cerebral ventricles. Pia Mater covering the spinal cord is composed of two layer, an outer layer consisting of collagen fibers and an inner layer that encases the entire spinal cord. Spinal pia mater is thicker and less vascular than pia mater that covers the brain
Dura Mater- The outer layer connects the meninges to the skull and vertebral column. It is composed of tough, fibrous connective tissue. That surrounds the brain consists of two layer. The outer layer is called the periosteal layer and the inner layer is the meningeal layer. the outer periosteal layer firmly connects the dura mater to the skull and covers the meningeal layer. The meningeal layer is considered the actual dura mater
Anatomy of the spinal cord
White matter- Made up of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (nerve tracts) divided into column, surrounds a butterfly shaped core of gray matter housing interneurons and cell bodies
Two deep longitudinal grooves anterior medivesan fissure and posterior median sulcus divide cord into right and left havles
Ascending Tracts- Carry sensory info to to the brain
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It encloses the central canal of the spinal cord, which contains cerebrospinal fluid
Gray Matter- Forms an "H" in centerdivides white matter into 3 regions (shaped like an H) anterior, lateral and posterior funiculi (columns) each consisting of longitudinal bundles called tract
Central Canal- Center of gray commissure, contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) , two spinal nerves extend out from the spinal cord dorsal and ventral roots, two nerve roots join to become 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Posterior/ Dorsal Horns- sensory located in the back
Anterior Fissure- Deeper than posterior sulcus
Anterior/Ventral Horns- motor, cell bodies of motor neurons to skeletal muscle (or other effort organs) exiting spinal cord
Tract- Nerve in CNS, each tract carries one-type of info (sensory or motor)
Lateral Horns- located on the side, cell bodies of motor neurons to cardiac and smooth muscles and glands, part of autonomic nervous system
Descending Tracts- Carry motor info from the brain to rest of body
Gray Commissure- Where fibers cross from side to side; divides into the horns
Diseases Associated with the brain
Epilepsy and Other Seizure Disorders
Brain Cancer
Mental Disorders
Alzheimer's Disease
Parkinson's and Other Movement Disorders
Dementias
Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Neurotransmitters- it endogenous chemicals that enable the neurotransmission
Reflex Arc- Is a neural pathway that controls a reflex. In vertebrates, most sensory neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This allows for water reflex actions to occur by activating spinal motor neurons without the delay of routing signals through the brain
Covering
Archnoid
Bone
Skin
Periosteum
Dura Mater
Pia Mater
Compare & Contrast the autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system; causes contraction of skeletal muscles
The SNS consists of motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles. In contrast, the ANS consist of motor neurons that control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. In addition, the ANS monitors visceral organs and blood vessels with sensory neurons, which provide input information for the CNS
Autonomic Nervous System- Controls cardiac and smooth muscle as well as glandular tissue
Divisions of the PNS of the body
The somatic nervous system consists of peripheral nerve fibers that send sensory information to the central nervous system and motor nerve fibers that projects to skeletal muscle
The autonomic nervous system is divided into three parts; the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls smooth muscle of the viscera (internal organs) and glands
The enteric nervous system is a third division of the autonomic nervous system that you do not hear much about. The enteric nervous system is a meshwork of nerve fibers that innervate the viscera (gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, gall bladder)