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Botany, Development and Morphogenesis (Environmental Capacity (Temperature…

- - - - First winter
  - - - Fungi
      - Insects
      - Physical Damage
      - Bacteria
- - - - Grows @ angle
  - - - Nocturnal
      - Diurnal
      - Photonastic resonse
    - - Turgor Pressure
- - - - Satocytes
      - Statoliths
    - - Length of time
      - All or none
      - Dosage-dependent responses
    - - Level of stimulus
  - - - Indoleacetic Acid (IAA)
        
        Conjugates
      - Polar Transport
    - - Climacteric
      - Positive feedback
  - - - Symplastically
        
        Plasmodesmata
      - Apoplastically
        
        Cell Walls
      - Into Phloem
- - - - Coleoptile
      - Asymmetric redistribution of auxin
- - - - Pr
      - Pfr
    - - Short day
      - Long day
      - Day neutral
    - - Circadian Rhythm
  - - - Outermost, lowest
    - - Overlaps
    - - Uppermost, central
- - - - Pattern Establishment Mechanism
    - - Radial
        
        Roots
        
        Stems
      - Bilateral
        
        leaves
        
        Sepals
        
        Flower parts
  - - - Single cell
      - No middle lamella
      - Polarity
    - - Filamentous Body
      - Laminar Bodies
      - Parenchymatous bodies
- - - - layer of tissue that surrounded megasporangium
      - micropyle
        
        hole in integument that let sperm cells swim to egg
    - - place where microspores settled at top of megasporangium
        
        microspores evolved into pollen grains
- - - - microsporophylls
      - simple cones
    - - compound cones
      - cone bracts
        
        megasporophylls
      - ovuliferous scale
- - - - clusters of microsporangia
    - - megasporangium #
- - - - insertion sequences
      - transposons
- - - - dominant isn't passed on
  - - - meiosis
    - - duplicates
- - - - photosynthesis
    - - secrete
    - - transport (near)
  - - - Pits
        
        Pit-pairs
    - - Conducting
        
        Fibers
        
        Sclereids
      - Mechanical
- - - - Axillary Bud
        
        Bud Scales
        
        Terminal Bud
  - - - Epidermis #
        
        Cutin
        
        Cuticle
        
        Guard Cells
        
        Stoma/stomatal pore
        
        Trichomes (Hairs)
      - Cortex #
        
        Aerenchyma
        
        Is complex
      - Vascular Tissues
        
        Phloem #
        
        Sieve Cells
        
        Sieve Tube Members
        
        Seive Element
        
        Sieve Pores
        
        Sieve Areas
        
        Sieve Tube
        
        Sieve Plates
        
        Albuminous Cells
        
        Companion Cells
        
        Xylem
        
        Vessel Elements
        
        Perforation
        
        Vessel
        
        Tracheids
        
        Pit Membrane
        
        Tracheary Elements
        
        Annular Thickenings
        
        Helical Thickening
        
        Scalariform Thickening
        
        Reticulate Thickening
        
        Circular Bordered Pits
      - Vascular Bundles
        
        Xylem + Phloem
        
        Pith
        
        Collateral (parallel)
        
        Primary Xylem
        
        Primary Phloem
        
        Protophloem
        
        Metaphloem
        
        Apical Meristems
        
        Subapical Meristem
        
        Protoxylem
        
        Metaxylem
        
        Protoderm
        
        Provascular tissues
        
        Ground Meristem
- - - - Animals
      - Leaf Growth
      - Annuals and Biennials
  - - - Plants
      - Skin, hair, nails
      - Tapeworms
- - - - Waterlillies
      - Magnolias
      - Laurels
    - - Roses
      - Asters
      - Maples
    - - Grasses
      - Lillies
      - Cattails
      - Palms
      - Philodendrons
      - Bromeliads
- - - - boron
      - calcium
      - iron
    - - chlorine
      - phosphorus
      - potassium
      - sulfur
- - - - soil particles
      - decaying organic matter
  - - - mineral concentration
    - - eutrophication
  - - - controlled diffusion
  - - - phosphorus exchange
  - - - coarse sand
      - fine sand
      - silt
      - clay particles/micelles
      - field capacity
    - - chemical rxns
        
        decay
        
        carbonic acid
        
        alters soil chemistry
- - - - transamination
  - - - nitrification
  - - - Ant plants
      - mutualistic benefitial
      - domatium living space
- - - - tracheary
    - - upright
      - procumbent
      - ray tracheids
  - - - diffuse porous
      - ring porous
  - - - up and down
- - - - parallel to circumference of cambium
    - - longitudinal divide to increase cells
  - - - regular horizontal rows
      - nonstoried cambium
        
        no horizontal pattern
- - - - Cork (phellem) cell
      - phelloderm
      - periderm
- - - - secondary vascular bundles
      - fibrous, woody tissue
- - - - nucleosomes
        
        histones
  - - - stop/start
      - degenerate
  - - - promoter
        
        TATA box
        
        RNA polymerase II
        
        enhancer elements
        
        promoter region
      - exons/introns
- - - - eukaryotic initiation factors
      - frameshift errors
    - - P channel
      - A channel
- - - - reannealing
  - - - recombinant DNA
  - - - restriction map
      - RFLP
    - - reverse transcriptase
      - cDNA
        
        expression profiling
        
        DNA microarray
  - - - vectors
  - - - open reading frame
- - - - lyse
- - - - S=cA^z
- - - - prey-dependent
    - - loss of both species
    - - fixed quota
        
        depends on legality
      - maximum sustained yield
        
        species stability through harvest
      - fixed effort
        
        harvest depends on population health
  - - - optimal diet model four predictions
        
        energy per unit of handling
        
        broaden diet for lower energy prey
        
        things to always/never eat
        
        less profitable prey ignored
  - - - consumption of shared resourses makes them less available
    - - access restriction
- - - - organisms are established on new substrates
- - - - dramatically effects community structure
- - - - diploid
    - - haploid
    - - haploid plant
      - microgametophyte
        
        male
        
        microspores
      - megagametophyte
        
        female
        
        megaspores
  - - - flower stalk
    - - where everything is attached
    - - sepals
        
        lowermost/outermost appendages
        
        together called calyx
      - petals
        
        together are called corolla
        
        sepals + petals = perianth
      - stamens
        
        together are called androecium
        
        2 parts
        
        filament (stalk)
        
        anther (pollen produced here)
        
        microsporocyte/ microspore mother
        
        tapetum
        
        act as nurse cells
        
        pollen
        
        microspore tetrad
      - carpels
        
        gynoecium
        
        highest level on receptacle
        
        three main parts
        
        stigma
        
        catches pollen grains
        
        style
        
        elevates stigma
        
        ovary
        
        produces megaspores
        
        placentae
        
        ovules
        
        nucellus
        
        integuments
        
        micropyle
        
        megasporocyte/mother cell
      - Has all four: complete flower
      - lacking one or two: incomplete flower
  - - - generative/vegetative cell
      - pollen tube
    - - aka embryo sac
      - Seven cells
        
        one large central cell
        
        polar nuclei
        
        3 small antipodal cells
        
        egg apparatus
        
        two syntergids
        
        egg (megagamete)
  - - - syngamy of sperm and egg
    - - endosperm nucleus: triploid
        
        double fertilization
        
        endosperm
  - - - pushes embryo into endosperm
    - - radicle
      - epicotyl
      - hypocotyl
- - - - via different individual
    - - via same plant
  - - - stamens and carpels
    - - lack at least one essential organ
      - dioecy
        
        produce only carpellate flowers
      - monoecy
        
        produce only staminate flowers
    - - have both essential organs
    - - sepals and petals
- - - - contains only ovary tissue
    - - nonovarian tissue present
    - - single or fused ovary of 1 flower
    - - carpels of 1 gymnoecium fuse
    - - fruits of an inflorescence fuse into 1 fruit
  - - - seed release
- - - - substrate level phosphorylation
      - lactate
      - ethanol
  - - - Acetyl CoA
      - Coenzyme A
      - Citrate
      - cis-Aconinatate
      - Isocitrate
      - a-Ketoglutarate
      - Succinyl CoA
      - Succinate
      - Fumarate
      - Malate
    - - flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
      - ubiquinone
      - cytochrome oxidase
      - NADH shuttle
- - - - petiolule
      - Rachis
- - - - Lateral
      - Minor
      - Bundle sheath & extension
  - - - bundles
    - - flaps
- - - - cone
  - - - cylinder
        
        outer vs inner surface
- - - - Radicle
        
        embryonic
- - - - fungal to cortex
    - - hyphae stop at Casparian strip
- - - - free/complete
      - differential/selective
      - aquaporins
- - - - source sites
      - active transport
      - polymer trap
      - STM/CC complex
      - mass transfer
        
        specific
      - sink sites
    - - p-protein
      - p protein plug
      - callose
  - - - co/adhesive
    - - cohesion-tension hypothesis
        
        transstomatal transpiration
        
        transcuticular transpiration
      - pressure potential is negative
      - cavitation
        
        embolism
    - - leaf moisture content
- - - - population concept
      - type concept
    - - cross over = genetic variation
      - mutation
      - accidental changes
        
        environmental changes
        
        man made or natural
      - artificial selection
        
        purpose
        
        intention planning
        
        voluntary decision making
      - natural selection
        
        two conditions
        
        more offspring produced than can survive
        
        progeny alleles differ from each other
        
        multiple selection pressures #
        
        accidental allele loss
        
        advantage vs cost
- - - - pollen transfer
      - seed dispersal
      - vegetative propagation
  - - - abiological barriers
        
        allopatric/geographic speciation
        
        physical divide into populations that cannot interbreed
      - biological barriers
        
        sympatric speciation
        
        reproductively isolated in same habitat
        
        prezygotic isolation
        
        no pollination or fertilization occurs
        
        internal isolation barriers
        
        hybrid sterility
        
        hybrid inviability
      - adaptive radiation
        
        founder
        
        few selective agents
        
        genetic drift
        
        rapid, erratic gene pool change from accidents
  - - - only phenotype, not genotype converge.
- - - - 1st atmosphere replaced by 2nd atmosphere
        
        2nd atmosphere was reducing atmosphere
        
        oxidizing atmosphere
      - chemosynthetic production
      - polymer formation
    - - UV & gamma radiation
      - heat
      - electricity
    - - unlimited
  - - - evolution of glycolysis
- - - - endarch protostele
        
        protoxylem is in center, metaxylem differentiates on edge
      - exarch protostele
        
        metaxylem in center, protoxylem on edges
      - siphonostele
        
        pith is in center
        
        seed plants
      - protostele
        
        no pith
  - - - lateral
      - opened transversely along top edge
      - xylem exarch protostele
    - - outgrowths that looked like scales
- - - - not really leaves
  - - - distinguished by ligule
- - - - one stem more vigorous
    - - single main trunk
  - - - telome theory
        
        telomes align on a planation, and develops webbing
      - sporophylls instead of just leaves
      - euphyllophytes
        
        plants form a monophyletic clade
        
        monilophytes
        
        ferns #
        
        lignophytes
        
        woody
  - - - leptosporangiate ferns
        
        leaf trace
        
        located at nodes
        
        leaf gap
        
        small segment of parenchyma
        
        sori
        
        underside of leaves, clusters of sporangia
      - eusporangia
  - - - main trunk
      - lateral branches
      - true leaves
      - true roots
- - - - tolerance range
    - - pioneers
        
        first to invade
      - B horizon
        
        zone of deposition
      - A horizon
        
        uppermost layer of soil
      - C horizon
        
        parent rock/rock fragments
    - - consider region effects
    - - fires
      - landslides
      - avalanches
      - floods
      - radical, rapid change
  - - - mutualism
      - competition #
        
        competitive exclusion
        
        niche adaptation
        
        set of aspects of habitats that directly affect species
        
        ecotypes
        
        specialized to ecosystem factors
        
        transplant experiments
        
        common garden
        
        test genetic divergence
    - - frugivores #
        
        fruit eating animals disperse seeds
      - commensal relationships
        
        one species benefits and the other isn't affected
        
        bird nests
      - predation
        
        one species benefits and the other is harmed
        
        herbivory
        
        browsing
        
        grazing
        
        pathogenic factors
        
        fungi/bacteria cause disease
        
        saprotrophs
        
        live on dead plant matter
        
        not all microbe-plant relationships are harmful
        
        orchids need soil fungi
- - - - one factor determines health of plant
    - - random distribution
        
        no identifiable pattern to position
      - clumped distribution
        
        spacing is either small or large
      - uniform distribution
        
        allelochemics
        
        plant chemicals that inhibit other plants via allelopathy
  - - - generation time
        
        length of time b/w birth of parent to birth of offspring
      - intrinsic rate of natural increase (biotic potential)
        
        number of offspring produced by parent that live long enough to reproduce
        
        measured via carrying capacity (K)
  - - - species' own biotic potential
        
        r- selected species
        
        annuals/ small shrubby perennials
      - r conditions produced via disturbance
      - sometimes unpredictable
    - - k-selected species
- - - - defined by Raunkiaer, 1934
      - many life forms, few basic ecosystems
  - - - autotrophs
    - - herbivores
      - omnivores
    - - carnivores
      - omnivores
    - - fungi/bacteria
    - - consider molecular level of production/consumption
      - don't forget minerals
- - - - poor Gilligan
    - - decreased rain on landward side of mountains
    - - lessens temp gradients
      - wind pushes surface water
- - - - Gondwanaland
        
        South America
        
        Africa
        
        India
        
        Australia
        
        Antartica
    - - Laurasia
        
        North America and Eurasia
      - Pangaea
        
        Laurasia + Gondwanaland
    - - Tethys sea
        
        between Pangaea's N&S continents #
- - - - dominated by giant conifers
    - - Montane forests
        
        bases of mountains
      - Subalpine forests
        
        higher elevations
    - - cold winters, warm summers, high precipitation
    - - southern edge of temperate deciduous forests, northern part of Gulf states
  - - - central plains
    - - woodland
        
        widely spaced trees
        
        savanna
        
        grass b/t trees
      - shrubland
        
        shrubs instead of trees
        
        chaparral
        
        California shrubland
    - - rain < 25cm/yr
    - - above mountain treeline
  - - - permafrost
        
        permanently frozen soil
      - 10 C avg temp
      - growing season 3 mo or <
  - - - aka taiga
  - - - 200 cm/yr rain
      - high species diversity
    - - tropics with lower rainfall
- - - - hydroids
        
        conduct water and dissolved minerals
      - leptoids
        
        resemble sieve cells
      - rhizoids
        
        anchor stem
    - - protonema
        
        network of branched system of similar cells
    - - antheridia
        
        sperms
      - archegonia
        
        eggs
  - - - small bulbous tissue
    - - apical sporangium
    - - caplike lid
    - - made via cell breakage
    - - apex of sporangium
- - - - resembles moss #
    - - 'body'
      - air pores
      - antheridiophore
        
        umbrella shaped
      - archegoniophores
        
        stalked with radiating fingers
  - - - elongate cells
- - - - palms
    - - cattails, bromeliads, sedges
- - - - no anthocyanin pigments
      - betalains
        
        water soluble pigments
      - perisperm
        
        surrounds embryo, nutritive tissue
      - phloem plastids contain fibrous protein
    - - mostly parasitic
        
        mistletoe
  - - - lamiids (euasterids I)
        
        picky on pollinators
      - campanulids (euasterids II)