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Immunology (innate immune system (types of responses (inflammation…

- - - - nose/throat: mucus build up
      - digestive system: excretion/vomiting
      - skin
    - - if too high, can damage ones own proteins
    - - steps
        
        neutrophils gather in injured area
        
        as epithelial changes, neutrophil surface receptor changes to latch on to injury
        
        chemoattractive molecules guide neutrophils to injured area
        
        diapedesis: neutrophils squeeze out capillaries into interstitial space (how neutrophils migrate)
        
        neutrophils trigger phagocytosis to clear infection, capillaries return to normal
        
        vasodilation: increasing local blood flow
        
        increased blood flow increases delivery of proteins/leukocytes
        
        increase permeability to capillaries
        
        done with histamines, kinins
        
        cells around source of injury release chemicals to signal cap to leak proteins and cells
        
        ensures that plasma proteins gain entry to interstitial fluid
      - local response to infection
      - proteins involved
        
        eicosanoids: ramps up temp of injury to cook infection and makes red and swollen to reduce movement
        
        histamine: increase vascular permeability
        
        products of blood clotting
        
        complement: opsonize or directly kill pathogens
        
        kinins: dilate vessels, increase capillary permeability
        
        cytokines: chemoattraction of leukocytes
        
        platelet-activating factor: amplify inflammation and platelet activation
        
        lysosomal enzymes: destroy pathogen macromolecules
      - if blood vessel injured as well, clotting cascade occurs
  - - - starts with disposition of C3b on microbial surface that is recognized by receptors on phagocytes
- - - - same target as cytotoxic T cells, but nonspecific
    - - identify non-self molecule based on B cell receptor
        
        B cell receptor not an antibody, but does identify non-self protein
        
        B cell receptor bound to membrane, while antibodies can be released
        
        one antibody per B cell receptor
      - make B cell receptor by random linking of DNA, destroying what's not used
      - majority do not get activated, as they activate based on guessing
      - respond mostly to toxins
      - upon activation, differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete bodies that will respond to antigen
        
        some B cells do not release antibody, just create memory for later infection
      - how B-cells kill
        
        neutralize toxin
        
        antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (NK cells)
        
        activate complement and opsonification
        
        enhance phagocytosis
    - - two different types
        
        T helper cells stimulate B cells and cytotoxic T cells via cytokines essential for activation
        
        present CD4
        
        cytotoxic T cells: directly attack virus infected and cancer cells
        
        present CD8
      - reliant on MHC proteins
        
        How to recognize self from non-self
        
        two classes
        
        class I: everywhere but RBC's
        
        for viruses, cancer, self-antigens
        
        recognized by CD8 T cells
        
        presence of foreign/overabundant antigen targets cell for destruction
        
        class II: surface of macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells
        
        how non-self antigens presented to helper T cells
        
        recognized by CD4 T cells
        
        presence of foreign antigen induces antibody production
        
        for a protein produced by MHC to not look like normal body protein, can be absense of normal glycoproteinn or presence of abnormal glycoprotein
        
        bound by CD4 and T cell receptor to immune cell
      - kill cells by puncturing a hole and going directly inside, destroying it
      - have antigen receptors that recognize only when associated with MHC proteins
        
        antigen presenting cells produce protein recognized by B/T cell
        
        once it has antigen, goes to lymph node to present to helper T cell to be processed
        
        if class II MHC protein matches, nonantigenic matching protein
        
        IL-1 and TNF enter helper cell to signal B cell to enter mitosis and fight antigen
        
        APC participates in activation of helper T cell in 3 ways
        
        provision of costimulus of matching nonantigenic mem. protein
        
        secretion of IL-1, TNF, other cytokines
        
        antigen presentation
      - after identification, T cell either divides to fight itself or calls helper to call IL's
  - - - thymus for T cells
      - bone marrow for B cells/NK cells
    - - lymph nodes
      - tonsils
      - spleen
  - - - if overreactive, helper cells will not support maturation
      - if not reactive enough, will get help maturing
    - - test by seeing how strongly they bind to MHC proteins
        
        if binds too strongly, T cell is killed
- - - - stimulates cells to produce antiviral proteins
    - - target: NK cells and macrophages
      - stimulate prolif. and sec. of cytotoxic compounds
    - - targets: T cells, NK cells, B cells
      - stim. prolif.;promote conversion to plasma cells
    - - targets neutrophils and other leukocytes
      - facilitates accumulation of leukocytes at sites of injury
    - - stim. IL-2 receptor expression; induce fever; stim systemic responses to inflammation, injury, fever
      - target: helper T cells, brain cells, systemic cells
- - - - Rh factor
        
        on surface of RBC and antigens
        
        rejected by unnatural antibodies in classical immune response
        
        problem in mother-fetal interaction
        
        hemolytic disease of newborn: mother kills baby's blood cells
        
        since it's unnatural, first baby will survive, memory B cells kill later children
        
        only if mom Rh+, baby Rho
        
        can be treated with antibiotics
      - ABO system
        
        AB system is just a carb, genes code for enzymes that make carn
        
        body will react to bloodtype that isn't same as own