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Nervous System Karina Espinosa Per. 7 (Neurotransmitters (Definition: It…
Nervous System Karina Espinosa Per. 7
Major Functions Of Nervous System
Sensory Function: It detects changes (stimuli) within body and outside body.
Integrative Function: Analyzes sensory information, it stores some aspects, and makes decisions regarding appropriate behaviors.
Motor Function: It can respond to stimuli by initiating muscular contractions or glandular secretions. The muscles/ glands are called effectors.
Major Divisions/ Subdivisions
Cerebrum
Parietal: It is in charge of the size, shape, color, pain, temperature, and speech.
Temporal: In charge of hearing, speech, memory, sequencing, and organization.
Frontal: It is in charge of logic, personality, emotions, and intelligence
Occipital: This part of the brain processes vision.
Diencephalon
Thalamus: It relays sensory information, recognizes good v.s. bad sensation.
Hypothalamus: Controls body temperature, water balance, metabolism, and endocrine function.
Pituitary Gland: There function is to produce hormones into the blood stream.
Brain Stem
Mid Brain: The reflex center for vision and hearing.
Pons: It regulates breathing.
Medulla Oblongata: This is the reflex center for heart rate, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and swallowing.
Cerebellum: Controls equilibrium, balance, posture, and it coordinates muscles to move smoothly.
Major Brain Parts and Functions
The three main parts of the brain are cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum has a right and left part. They all have sub regions except for the cerebellum.
Lobes and Functions
FRONTAL LOBE: This is near the forehead and this part of the brain is in charge of logic, personality, emotions, and intelligence.
PARIETAL LOBE: This part of the brain is near the center of the brain. It is in charge of the size, shape, color, pain, temperature, ans speech.
TEMPORAL LOBE: This is located on both parts of the temples and it is in charge of hearing, memory, sequencing, and organization.
OCCIPITAL LOBE: This is located at the back of the brain. This part processes vision.
Layers of Meninges
These are three layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain.
Pia Mater- Covers every fold of brain
Dura Mater- Tough, dense connective tissues that contains many blood vessels
Arachnoid Mater- It is very thin and lacks blood vessels
Spaces and Ventricles
The ventricles of the brain include: Lateral ventricle, interventrical foramen, third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle and central canal.
Structure and Function of a Neuron
The parts of a neuron include: Nucleus, dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, schwann cell, nucleus of schwann cell, myeliln sheath, node of ranver, bendrile, axon terminal, collateron axon.
Classification of Neurons
Sensory Neurons: They transmit impulse to the CNS (spinal cord and brain) from all of the parts of the body.
Motor Neurons: They transmit impulses away from CNS to effectors.
Interneuron Neuron: Transmit impulses from sensory neuron to motor neurons, and multipolar neurons in CNS.
Major Parts/ Functions of Spinal Cord
The spinal cord has thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves. It ends at the conus medularis.
The cervical enlargement gives rise to nerves leading to upper limbs. Lumbar enlargements gives rise to interacting lower limbs.
Action Potential
It is a nerve impulse that is transmitted during action potential. When the stimulation is strong, the nerve impulse causes Na+ gates to open. It causes the Na+ to rush into the cell causing depolarization.The the K+ rush out of neuron after Na+ rush in, which causes depolarization of the membrane back to resting potential.
Drugs That Effect Brain
Alcohol, Cocaine, Opioids, Marijuana, MDMA, Meth, Nicotine, Psychedelics, GHB, Rohypnol, Dissociative Drug
Diseases Associated With Brain
Anencephaly, Hydrocephalus, Meningitis, Contusion, Intracranial Hemorrhage, Dementia,
Divisions of PNS
1: SENSORY (AFFERENT) NERVES: It relays information from skin, muscles, and glands to cns. INTERNEURON: Nerves that connect sensory nerves to motor nerves.
2: MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVES: They carry impulse from cns to organs, muscles. There are two type: Somatic n.s., and automatic n.s.
Coverings
Nerve coverings are made up of fiborous connective tissue.
The four coverings include: ENDONEURIUM: surrounds individual fibers within a merece, FASICLE: a group of nerve fibers (wrapped axons), PERINEURIUM: surrounds a group of nerve fibers, and EPINEURIUM: surrounds the entire nerve.
Anatomy of Spinal Cord
The spinal cord has white matter. White matter is made of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers, it surrounds a butterfly shape core of gray matter. The gray matter divides white matter into three regions: anterior, lateral and posterior funiculi.
Neurotransmitters
Definition: It binds with receptors on the postsynaptic neurons cell membrane.
There’s at least 30- 50 different neurotransmitters identified.
Synaptic end bulbs might contain 2 or 3 different neurotransmitter
Some degrade by enzymes
Some reuptake into cells
Compare/ Contrast Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous systems controls many things. It controls heart rate, digestion, pupillary response, urinations, and respiratory rate.
Reflex Arc
There are two types of reflexes. Spinal- signal travels through spine for example, patellar reflex. The second one is cranial- signal travels through brain stem for example, pupillary response.
A reflex arc is a nerve pathway of reflex response. There are five parts of reflex arc. Sensory receptor, sensory/ afferent neuron, synapse/ Interneuron integration center, motor/ efferent neuron, and effector.