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Nervous System Sara Abad Period-4 (Major Brain Parts (Primary Motor Cortex…
Nervous System
Sara Abad Period-4
Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory Input
Uses Sensory Receptors to monitor changes
Integration
Processes & interprets sensory input so decides what should be done
Motor Output
Activates response through effector organs like muscles and glands
Divisions and Subdivisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
consists of brain and spinal
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
consists of cranial nerves and spine
Sensory (afferent) Division
consists of somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
Motor (efferent) Division
consists of motor nerve fibers
Somatic Nervous System
consists of somatic, voluntary, motor nerve fibers
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
consists of visceral, involuntary, motor nerve fibers
Sympathetic Division
mobilizes body systems during activity
Parasympathetic Division
conserves energy, promotes housekeeping, and functions during rest
Major Brain Parts
Primary Motor Cortex, Premotor Cortex, Frontal Eye Field, & Broca's Area= Motor Areas
Anterior association cortex/ Prefrontal Cortex= working memory for spatial tasks, area for task management, working memory for objective recall, solving complex problems, & multitasking
Somatic Sensation made up of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex & Somatosensory Association Cortex= sensory areas and related association areas
Gustatory Cortex( in insula)= taste
Vestibular Cortex (in insula)= equilibrium
wernicke's area= posterior association area
Primary visual cortex & Visual association area= vision
Auditory association area & primary auditory cortex= hearing
Cortical Gray Matter= localizes and interprets sensory inputs, controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity, functions in intellectual and emotional processing
Basal Nuclei/ Ganglia= subcortical motor centers and helps control skeletal muscle movement
Thalamus= relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation then to lower motor centers, and is involved in memory processes
Hypothalamus= chief integration center of autonomic nervous system, regulating body temperature and food and water intake, regulates hormonal output, and acts as endocrine organ
Limbic System= mediates emotional response and involved in memory processing
Cerebellum= processes information and provides instructions, responsible for balance and posture
Brain Lobes
Frontal
involved in movement, thinking initiation, reasoning, behavior, memory, and speaking
Parietal
involved in knowing left from right, sensation, reading, and understanding spatial relationship
Temporal
involved in understanding language, behavior, memory, and hearing.
Occipital
involved in vision and color sight
Meninge Layers
Dura Mater
leathery, strongest meninge surrounding the brain made up of two layered fibrous connective tissue
Arachnoid Mater
middle meninge forming a lose protective covering and connection
Pia Mater
delicate connective tissue containing tiny blood vessels clinging tightly to brain like plastic wrap making it stay together
Major Spaces and Ventricles
Lateral Ventricle- chamabers reflecting cerebral separated by membrane walls.
3rd Ventricle- lateral ventricle communication via canal
4th Ventricle- canal-like cerebral aqueduct running through midbrains with 3 openings
Tissues: Neurons
Neurons are
extremely longevity
with good nutrients, have
high metabolic rates
with abundant supplies of oxygen and glucose,
amitotic
assuring roles of communication links and ability to divide but not be replaced, and have
excitability
.
Neuron structure includes protein and membrane making machinery, cytoskeletal elements, and pigment inclusions
Classifications of Neurons
classified structurally and functionally
Multipolar Neurons
3 or more processes extending from cell body
Bipolar Neuron
2 process extending from opposite side of cell RARE
Unipolar Neuron
single short process emerging from cell body dividing T-like proxial and distal branches
Spinal Cord
Is a reflex center and conduction pathway to and from the brain
Major Parts: spinal dura mater, epidural space, denticulate ligaments, cauda equina, and filum terminale
Action Potential
Action Potential is self- propagating at constant velocities.
Is regenerated by voltage-gated channels
Drugs Affecting the Brain
Heroine
affects inhibatory neurotransmitters mimicking natural opiates
Ectasy
affects serotinin neurotransmitters as serotinin gets trapped in synaptic cleft
Marijuana
affects inhibatory neurotransmitters mimickingg ahandamine
Methamphetamine
dopamine neurotransmitters mimicking dopamine
Alcohol
affects GABA inhibitory & glutamate neurotransmitters binding to gluatamate preventing it to exit cell
Cocaine
affects dopamine neurotransmitter blocking transmitters overstimulating the cell
LSD
seratonin neurotransmitters exciting receptors
Stimulate
makes nervous system react and run faster
Depressant
makes nervous system get slower and slower
Brain Diseases
Alzheimer's Disease
progresive degenerative of the brain ultimately resulting in dementia where brain cells die, functions are lost, and the brain shrinks
Parkinson's Disease
degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons
Hunington's Disease
fatal hereditary disease with mutant hunington protein accumulating in the brain cell resulting in cortex tissue death
Major Nerves
olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, torchlear nevre, facial nerve. and abducent nerve
PNS in the Body
Cranial Nerves & Spinal Cord -> motor nerve fibers-> somatic (voluntary) motor nerve fibers-> autonomic nervous system: visceral (involuntary) motor nerve fibers-> sympathetic divison mobilzing body-> parasympathetic division
Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Gray comissure makes up the inside with ventral roots and spinal nerves, white matter makes up a big part allowing the communication to occur.
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine- released at neurotransmitter junctions Acetylrcholinesterose- enzyme gedrades andreleasesacetic ascid and choline -> Biogenic animes and amino acids
ANS system
Consists of motor neurons that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands to make adjustments to ensure support and homeostasis
innervates skeletal muscle
cell body in CNS with stimulating effect
BOTH
regulate and coordinate in highest system
Reflex Arc
neural pathway that controls reflex in the spinal cord as brain does not have to process it, it just occurs.