Nervous System

Major part of the brain and
their functions

Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system

Major functions of the nervous system

the layers of the meninges

Tissues (structure & function of a neuron)

Classification of neurons

Spaces and ventricles

Drugs that affect the brain

Major parts and
functions of the spinal cord

Action potential

Diseases associated with the brain

Divisions of the PNS of the body

Anatomy of the spinal cord

Coverings

Neurotransmitters

Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system

Reflex arc

integrative: analyzes sensory information, stores some aspects, and makes decision on behavior

motor: respond to stimuli by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

sensory: detects changes within and outside body.

motor (efferent) nerves: carry impulses from CNS to organs and muscles

sensory (afferent) nerves:
relay information from skin, muscles and glands to CNS

automatic: unconscious, involuntary control, internal environment (blood flow, urination, defecation, smooth and cardiac muscle

somatic: Conscious, voluntary control, eternal environment (muscles, skin, sense organs)

neuroglia: support neurons

  • astrocytes: anchor neuron close to blood vesicles, maintain blood-brain barrier, and protects neurons from harmful substance
  • oligodendrocytes: insulate nerve fibers by producing myelin sheath
  • microglia: dispose of debris from inflammation in brain
  • ependymal cells: form the cerebrospinal fluid and lines cavities of brain and spinal cord to move cerebral spinal fluid
  • schwann cells: supply myelin sheathes to axons and aids the regrowth of damaged peripheral axons
  • satellite cells: protective cell that cushions cell body of neuron

neurons: relay electrical impulses throughout body

motor (efferent) neurons: transmit impulses away from spinal cord and brain to effectors

interneurons (central/connecting neurons): transmit impulses away from sensory to motor neurons

sensory (afferent) neurons: transmit impulses to spinal cord and brain from all part of body

fascicle: group of nerve fibers that are wrapped of axons

endoneurium: surrounds individual fibers within a nerve

perineruium: surrounds a fascicle

epineurium: surrounds the entire nerve

3. synapse/interneuron integration center -> connection between sensory neuron and motor neuron

4. motor/efferent neuron-> delivers response to target organ

5. effector-> target organ responds to signal

2. sensory/afferent neuron -> sends signal to CNS(reflex center)

1. sensory receptor -> afferent nerve ending detects stimulus

nerve impulse is transmitted during action potential; only axons capable
strong enough stimulation or nerve impulse causes Na+ gates to open and causes depolarization

structure: 31 segments, gives rise to spinal nerves; cervical and lumbar enlargement; anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus (left and right); white and grey matter, tract, central canals, and spinal nerves

functions: transmit impulses and spinal reflexes

grey matter: butterfly-shapes core; housing interneurons and cell bodies

white matter: bundles of myelinated nerve fibers

central canal: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Names of all the lobes and functions

epilepsy and other seizure disorders

brain cancer

mental disorders

alzheimer's disease

parkinson's

dementia

stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA)

cocain: stimulants causes increased energy, alertness, decreased appetite, paranoia, stroke, seizures, death

diploids: depressant and stimulant causes warmth and pleasure

alcohola: depressant causes memory loss, nausea, vomiting, or death

marijuana: opiate a high and gives a relaxed, peaceful feeling

MDMA: stimulants increase energy and seems like euphoria

inhalents: causes speech problems and coordination

pshchedelics: hallucinogens increase body temerpature and heart rate

methamphetamine: stimulant speed and nerve activity causes seizures and heart damage

nicotine: stimulant; gives a calming effect; cause stroke and heart disease

GHB and rohypnol: depressant causes nausea, coma, and slows breathing

central nervous system (CNS): subdivision composed of the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (PNS): subdivision composed of cranial and spinal nerves; communication lines

somatic: subdivision in PNS controls voluntary activities such as skeletal muscles; sends command to skeletal system

autonomic (involuntary): subdivision of PNS that regulates activity of cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands; maintains homeostasis

neuroglia: cells support, insulate, and protect neurons; involved n brain tumors

neurons: cells transmit electrical message from one area to another

arachnoid mater: middle layer; connects dura mater and pia mater; loosely covers brain and spinal cord; connected to pia with tiny fibrous extensions that span subarachnoid space between two layers; subarachnoid space provides route for blood vessels and nerves through brain and collect cerebrospinal fluid that flow in fourth ventricle

pia mater: thin inner layer; direct contact with and covers cerebral cortex and spinal cord (thicker and less vascular) ; rich supply of blood vesicles which provides nutrients; contains choroid plexus, network of capillaries and ependyma that produces cerebrospinal fluid

dura mater: outer layer connects meninges to the skull and vertebral column; tough connective tissue; outer layer periosteal layer (connects dura mater to skull; inner layer meningeal (dura mater)

microglia cells: small ovoid U shaped with thorny processes; CNS; help clean neuronal debris

astrocytes: shaped like star; CNS; radiating processes which help clinging to neurons and capillaries; support and brace neurons and anchor nutrients supply lines; help young neurons; control chemical environment

cerebrum: largest part of brain and composed of right and left hemispheres; touch vision, hearing, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, fine control of movement

cerebellum: located under cerebrum; coordinate muscle movement, maintain posture, and balance

diencephalon: region of embryonic vertebrate neural tube that gives a rise to one another

brain stem: acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to spinal cord; breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing

ascending tracts: carry sensory information to the brain

spinal cord: long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue extends from the medulla ob;ongata in braintem to the lumbar regon of the vertebral column; encloses central canal, contains cerebrospinal fluid

anterior fissure: deeper than posterior sulcus

posterior/doral horns: (sensory) loctated in the back

tract: nerve in CNS; carries one type of info (sensory/motor)

anterior/ventral horns: (motor); cell bodies of motot neurons to skeletal muscle; info exiting spinal cord

descending tracts: carry motor information from the brain to rest of the body

lateral horns: loctated on the side; cell bodies of motor neurons to cardiac and smooth muscles and glands; part of ANS

anencephaly: cranial portion does not close(brain and skull not develop)

communicated network of cavties that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid; located within the brain parenchyma; choroid plexuses loctated in ventricles produce CSF

ventricles when neural canal enlarges 4 areas in brain

hydrocephalus: enlargement in ventricles when cerebrospinal fluid can not be drained

occipitial: visual that is processing in the center and contains primary visual cortex and vistula association area

frontal: anterior to central sulcus; planning, executing learned and purposeful behaviors, inhibitory functions

parietal: processes sensory information that is regarding the location of the body parts

temperal: integral to auditory perception, receptive components of language, visual memory, factual memory, and emotion

endogenous chemicals that enable the neurotransmission