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Nervous System (Anatomy of the spinal cord (grey matter: butterfly-shapes…
Nervous System
Anatomy of the spinal cord
grey matter: butterfly-shapes core; housing interneurons and cell bodies
white matter: bundles of myelinated nerve fibers
central canal: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
ascending tracts: carry sensory information to the brain
spinal cord: long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue extends from the medulla ob;ongata in braintem to the lumbar regon of the vertebral column; encloses central canal, contains cerebrospinal fluid
anterior fissure: deeper than posterior sulcus
posterior/doral horns: (sensory) loctated in the back
tract: nerve in CNS; carries one type of info (sensory/motor)
anterior/ventral horns: (motor); cell bodies of motot neurons to skeletal muscle; info exiting spinal cord
descending tracts: carry motor information from the brain to rest of the body
lateral horns: loctated on the side; cell bodies of motor neurons to cardiac and smooth muscles and glands; part of ANS
Drugs that affect the brain
cocain: stimulants causes increased energy, alertness, decreased appetite, paranoia, stroke, seizures, death
diploids: depressant and stimulant causes warmth and pleasure
alcohola: depressant causes memory loss, nausea, vomiting, or death
marijuana: opiate a high and gives a relaxed, peaceful feeling
MDMA: stimulants increase energy and seems like euphoria
inhalents: causes speech problems and coordination
pshchedelics: hallucinogens increase body temerpature and heart rate
methamphetamine: stimulant speed and nerve activity causes seizures and heart damage
nicotine: stimulant; gives a calming effect; cause stroke and heart disease
GHB and rohypnol: depressant causes nausea, coma, and slows breathing
Diseases associated with the brain
epilepsy and other seizure disorders
brain cancer
mental disorders
alzheimer's disease
parkinson's
dementia
stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
central nervous system (CNS): subdivision composed of the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS): subdivision composed of cranial and spinal nerves; communication lines
somatic: subdivision in PNS controls voluntary activities such as skeletal muscles; sends command to skeletal system
autonomic (involuntary): subdivision of PNS that regulates activity of cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands; maintains homeostasis
neuroglia: cells support, insulate, and protect neurons; involved n brain tumors
neurons: cells transmit electrical message from one area to another
Reflex arc
3. synapse/interneuron integration center -> connection between sensory neuron and motor neuron
4. motor/efferent neuron-> delivers response to target organ
5. effector-> target organ responds to signal
2. sensory/afferent neuron -> sends signal to CNS(reflex center)
1. sensory receptor -> afferent nerve ending detects stimulus
Major part of the brain and
their functions
cerebrum: largest part of brain and composed of right and left hemispheres; touch vision, hearing, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, fine control of movement
cerebellum: located under cerebrum; coordinate muscle movement, maintain posture, and balance
diencephalon: region of embryonic vertebrate neural tube that gives a rise to one another
brain stem: acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to spinal cord; breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing
Tissues (structure & function of a neuron)
neuroglia: support neurons
astrocytes: anchor neuron close to blood vesicles, maintain blood-brain barrier, and protects neurons from harmful substance
oligodendrocytes: insulate nerve fibers by producing myelin sheath
microglia: dispose of debris from inflammation in brain
ependymal cells: form the cerebrospinal fluid and lines cavities of brain and spinal cord to move cerebral spinal fluid
schwann cells: supply myelin sheathes to axons and aids the regrowth of damaged peripheral axons
satellite cells: protective cell that cushions cell body of neuron
neurons: relay electrical impulses throughout body
microglia cells: small ovoid U shaped with thorny processes; CNS; help clean neuronal debris
astrocytes: shaped like star; CNS; radiating processes which help clinging to neurons and capillaries; support and brace neurons and anchor nutrients supply lines; help young neurons; control chemical environment
Spaces and ventricles
anencephaly: cranial portion does not close(brain and skull not develop)
communicated network of cavties that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid
; located within the brain parenchyma; choroid plexuses loctated in ventricles produce CSF
ventricles when neural canal enlarges 4 areas in brain
hydrocephalus: enlargement in ventricles when cerebrospinal fluid can not be drained
Coverings
fascicle: group of nerve fibers that are wrapped of axons
endoneurium: surrounds individual fibers within a nerve
perineruium: surrounds a fascicle
epineurium: surrounds the entire nerve
Names of all the lobes and functions
occipitial: visual that is processing in the center and contains primary visual cortex and vistula association area
frontal: anterior to central sulcus; planning, executing learned and purposeful behaviors, inhibitory functions
parietal: processes sensory information that is regarding the location of the body parts
temperal: integral to auditory perception, receptive components of language, visual memory, factual memory, and emotion
Major functions of the nervous system
integrative: analyzes sensory information, stores some aspects, and makes decision on behavior
motor: respond to stimuli by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
sensory: detects changes within and outside body.
the layers of the meninges
arachnoid mater: middle layer; connects dura mater and pia mater; loosely covers brain and spinal cord; connected to pia with tiny fibrous extensions that span subarachnoid space between two layers; subarachnoid space provides route for blood vessels and nerves through brain and collect cerebrospinal fluid that flow in fourth ventricle
pia mater: thin inner layer; direct contact with and covers cerebral cortex and spinal cord (thicker and less vascular) ; rich supply of blood vesicles which provides nutrients; contains choroid plexus, network of capillaries and ependyma that produces cerebrospinal fluid
dura mater: outer layer connects meninges to the skull and vertebral column; tough connective tissue; outer layer periosteal layer (connects dura mater to skull; inner layer meningeal (dura mater)
Classification of neurons
motor (efferent) neurons: transmit impulses away from spinal cord and brain to effectors
interneurons (central/connecting neurons): transmit impulses away from sensory to motor neurons
sensory (afferent) neurons: transmit impulses to spinal cord and brain from all part of body
Major parts and
functions of the spinal cord
structure: 31 segments, gives rise to spinal nerves; cervical and lumbar enlargement; anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus (left and right); white and grey matter, tract, central canals, and spinal nerves
functions: transmit impulses and spinal reflexes
Divisions of the PNS of the body
motor (efferent) nerves: carry impulses from CNS to organs and muscles
sensory (afferent) nerves:
relay information from skin, muscles and glands to CNS
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
automatic: unconscious, involuntary control, internal environment (blood flow, urination, defecation, smooth and cardiac muscle
somatic: Conscious, voluntary control, eternal environment (muscles, skin, sense organs)
Action potential
nerve impulse is transmitted during action potential; only axons capable
strong enough stimulation or nerve impulse causes Na+ gates to open and causes depolarization
Neurotransmitters
endogenous chemicals that enable the neurotransmission