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Psych 107 Final Exam Fall 2019 (Chapter 11 (Emotion is a motivator (6…
Psych 107 Final Exam Fall 2019
Chapter 11
Motivation - the urge to move forward and accomplish tasks
Factors
Biological
Emotional
Cognitive
Social
Maslow's Order of Priority
1) food and water
2) Safety
3) love and belonging
4) Esteem
5) Self-actualization
morals
creativity
problem solving
Types of Jealousy
Sexual
Emotional
Motivation Models
Evolutionary Model - based on instincts to enhance surrvival
Optimal Arousal Model - everyone has a peak level of arousal at which they perform best
for easy tasks, higher arousal is best
for difficult tasks, low arousal is best
Drive Reduction Model - motivation to balance biological needs
imbalances are created by needs
the needs create a drive
drive creates motivation
the incentive to satisfy need creates motivation
Achievement Motivation - the desire to do well
Factors
the want to succeed
expectations
incentive
Meaning Motivation - the desire to understand
Coherence - to make sense
cognitive dissonance - contradicting thoughts
having cheat days on a diet
smoking even though you know it's bad for you
Purpose - sense of direction in life
Significance - sense of mattering
All humans are social animals
belonging
affiliation
sociopaths have a lower need for belonging and affiliation
Emotion is a motivator
Affect - a variety of emotional phenomena
Mood - an affective state that operates in the background, lasts longer than emotions
emotions are very brief and acute changes in consciousness
6 Basic and Universal Emotions
Anger
Sadness
Fear
Disgust
Surprise
Basic emotions take place in the nervous system
sympathetic - automatic, fight or flight
parasympathetic - relaxed and happy
culture influences complex emotions
Elements of emotions
behavior
physiology
Emotional Theories
James-Lange
psychological responses CAUSE emotions
Steps
1) perceived event
2) physiological and behavioral response
3) emotional response
facial expressions influences emotions and are used to communicate
Cannon-Bard
emotions and physiological responses occur at the SAME TIME
Steps
1) thalamus
2) cortex
cortex creates emotions
PNS is in charge of physiological response
Two Factor
emotions are influenced by interpretation of the cause of the event
Emotions are based on our PERCEPTION of a situation
appraise - to receive and evaluate
Attentional Process - how emotions control attention
Persuasion
Motivational Appeal Types
fear
guilt
humor
sex
warmth - the warm fuzzies, like helping other and whatnot
ingration - butt kissing
Chapter 12
Personality - unique and relatively consistent set of behaviors
Trait - a part of personality, consistent and enduring way of thinking, stable over time and across situations
Central Traits - organize and control behaviors across all situations
Secondary Traits - situation specific
Social Cognitive Theory - how personality is defined by how the person behaves and responds to stimuli
Personality = thoughts + behavior + environment
Personality tests
Behavior Observation
uses rating scales and direct obsevations
pros
no response bias
natural
cons
time
effort
smaller samples
confirmation bias
Informant Ratings
asking others about you
pros
valid
specific
can be compared and combined
cons
limited access
might be biased
Personality Inventories
asks the subject questions
Types
MMPI (Big Five)
Factors
openness to new experiences
conscientiousness - planning and being organized
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
NEO-PI-R
pros
simple and easy
standardized
focuses on self-knowledge
cons
self-enhancement bias
Projective tests
uses ambiguous stimuli
pros
easy to administer
no format
has less to do with cultural background
cons
very subjective and therefore not very valid
Thematic Appreciation
tell a story based on a picture
pros
no "correct" answer
valid
unconscious impulses
cons
not standardized
Ink Blots
Scoring Criteria
location of focus
form, shading, andf movement
content
popularity of response
response type
pros
predictive
assesses unconscious impulses
cons
requires training to administer
Sigmund Freud
believed unconciusness plays a role in personality
Componnets of Personality
Id - primitive and instinctive
Ego - reasoning and logic
Superego - values and morals
all are in constant turmoil
Five psychosexual stages
Oral (0-18 months)
Anal (18-36 months)
Phallic (3-6 years)
Latent (6-puberty)
Genital (puberty - death)
Defense mechanisms occur in the unconsciousness and denies reality
Repression
Rationalization
Projection - to attribute unacceptable impulses to others
Reaction Formation - changing acceptable impulses to the opposite
Displacement - deflect impulses on an inappropriate target
Sublimation - changing unacceptable impulses to acceptable ones
Humanistic Theory - humans are naturally interested in realizing their full potential and are inherently good
Chapter 13
Criteria for abnormal behavior
infrequency
norm violations
personal suffering
Diagnosis Criteria
impaired function
distressing
maladaptive to self or others
dysfunctional
disturbances
sudden changes in behavior
deviant or unjustifiable behaviors
Abnormal behavior models
Supernatural Model - abnormal behavior is caused by spiritual possesion
Biophysical Model
3 Factors
biological
psychological
sociocultural
Diathesis Stress Model
2 Factors
predisposition to mental disorders
stressors
genetics + disease + early experiences + stress + social situations = Disorders
DSM 5 - how disorders are categorized
Anxiety Disorders
Most common, up to 18% of the population, usually shows up by the age of 11
Characteristics
excessive and unrealistic standards
long-lasting
disrupts daily life
maladaptive behaviors
avoidance
anger
substance abuse
Types of Anxiety Disorders
Phobias
Types
specific
social
agoraphobia
Panic Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
symptoms must last for AT LEAST 6 months
more common in women
Causes
biological
genetics
stress
culture
psychological
irrational thinking
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders
obsessions - constant upsetting thoughts
compulsions - ritualistic repetitive behavior
Disorders
OCD
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Hoarding Disorders
Trichotillomanial Disorder (hair pulling)
Caused by high amounts of brain activity
Mood Disorders (Depression)
depression is normal when experiencing loss
ALWAYS accompanied by negative thoughts
frequency of these thoughts increases over time
Diagnosis Criteria (MDD) - must have at least five for at least 2 weeks
depressed mood
decreased interest in activity
appetite and sleep schedules are all over the place
restlessness
fatigue
excessive guilt
unable to concentrate
suicide attempts
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD) - like MDD but longer lasting and less severe
Bipolar Disorder - alternates between two poles of emotion, mania and depression
Types
Bipolar 1 - depression and mania cycles
Bipolar 2 - depression and hypomania
Cyclomania - less severe bipolar disorder
Causes
genetics
neurotransmitter deficiencies
distorted thinking
learned helplessness
stress
Dissociative Disorders - involve a break in memory, consciousness, or identity
Disorders
Dissociative Amnesia
DID - more than 1 identity or loss of original identity
Causes
psychodynamic
behavioral
biological
Schizophrenia - the inability to distinguish reality from fantasy
Schizein - to break from reality
onsets during adolescence and early adulthood
Symptoms (must have AT LEAST 2)
Disorganized Thoughts (+)
Hallucinations (+)
Delusions (+)
Disorganized Speech (+)
Decrease in Speaking (-)
Flat Affect (-) - showing no emotions
Social Withdrawal (-)
Decreased Motivation (-)
Causes
Genetics
Brain abnormalities
Stress is commonly a trigger
Personality Disorders - longstanding problematic behavior, can be culture -dependent
Odd-Eccentric (Cluster A)
paranoia
schizoid (- symptoms of schizophrenia)
schizotypal (+ symptoms of schizophrenia)
Dramatic-Erratic (Cluster B)
histrionic - must always be the center of attention
narcissistic
borderline - intense, unstable, and clingy
antisocial
Anxious-Fearful (Cluster C)
dependence
OCD
avoidant
Psychological Treatments
Psychoanalytical Therapy - exploring childhood to understand psychological issues and the unconscious
methods
hypnosis
dream interpaeratation
free association
Freudian Slips - errors in speech, memory, or action
Limitations
lack or research in the field
all problems are linked to sex and the unconscious
availability heuristics can cause therapist to get the wrong idea
Humanistic Therapy - disorders are caused by a decrease drive for self improvement
Person/Client Centered Therapy - use of acceptance and genuine reactions
Unconditional Positive Regard - not matter what you did, it's okay
Therapist MUST be empathetic, authentic, and non-directive
Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies - trying to change maladaptive behaviors into constructive behaviors
Exposure Therapy
systematic (baby steps)
flooding (all of the fears come to you all at once)
Cognitive Therapy - changes thinking in order to change behavior
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - blends behavioral and cognitive therapy, gives homework
Dialect Behavioral - focuses on not judging thoughts, training and homework
pros
very effective
cons
focuses on symptoms rather than the root of the problem
Biomedical Therapy - the idea that mental issues are caused by physical issues
Goals
change behavior
change emotions
change thoughts
Treatments
Lobotomy - a surgery intended to disconnect the prefrontal cortex from the thalamus
can cause seizures, personality changes, and possibly death
not practiced as often anymore
Bilateral Cingulobotomy - taking out the cingulate cortex
is actually effective but there's a lot of stigma around it
used as a last resort
Electroconvulsive Therapy
can cause confusion and muscular issues
Drugs
Schizophrenia
Class: Clozapine
Side Effects: weight gain, increased risk of diabetes, and decreased number of white blood cells
Anxiety
Class: SSRI
Side Effects: agitation, insomnia, nausea, orgasm difficulty, and increased risk of suicide
Depression
Class: SSRI
Side Effects: agitation, insomnia, nausea, orgasm difficulty, and increased risk of suicide
Bipolar Disorder
Class: Lithium
Side Effects: diarrhea, nausea, tremors, kidney failure, cognitive issues, and cardiac issues
Chapter 14
Social Psychology - how a person influenced by their social groups
Social influence - how being around others changes behavior
performance levels when being watched
facilitation - performance levels increase
impairment - performance levels decrease
Social Loafing - when you don't work as hard when you're in a group
Causes
diffusion of responsibility
free rider effect
sucker effect - when one person does most of the work while the others do the absolute minimum amount of work
Bystander Effect - the more people there are, the less likely you are to receive help
Conformity - changing behavior due to real or imagined pressure
Compliance - changing behavior because of a direct request
foot in the door - smaller requests slowly evolve into larger requests
door in the face - a huge request is made at first and then the requester pretends to settle for less
Obedience - changing behavior in result to a demand from an authority figure
Social Norms
Prescriptive - how it should be
Descriptive - how it actually is
Norms are important for maintaining order. However, too many norms can lead to deindividualization.
Attitude - an individual's beliefs, feelings or actions towards an attitude object
Components
cognitive
affective - feelings or emotions
behavioral
When an attitude is towards people the components are...
stereotypes (cognitive)
based on schemas, heuristics, and learned knowledge
can cause biased memories and interpretations
blatant/overt bias - mostly negative and hostile, openly favors own group
prejudice (affective)
discrimination (behavioral)
Attribution - explanation for a behavior
Internal - due to traits
External - due to a situation
Fundamental Attribution Error - used when judging others, underestimates situation and overestimates internal attributions
Actor Observer Bias - uses internal attributions for judging other but situation for judging self
Self Serving Bias - manipulates attributions so as to benefit self
Types of Persuasion
Central Route - persuasion by content of the message, effortful thinking
Peripheral Route - uses emotions, quantity, and the halo effect to persuade, effortless thinking