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COURSE MIND MAP , Photosynthesis : # (Energy carriers (Oxidative…
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Other Electron Carriers
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Cytochromes: small proteins that contain a cofactor heme, which holds an iron atom.
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Plants and People: Photosynthesis, Global Warming, and Global Climate Change
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Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants #
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the gametophyte generation #
Division Hepatophyta: Liverworts
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Concepts
embryophytes
plants divided into
spermatophytes
cycads, conifers, angiosperms
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vascular cryptogams
:check: vascular tissues, :red_cross: seeds
clubmosses, scouring rushes, ferns
made feasible
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roots, meristems, organ primordia
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true plants
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origin of seeds, leaves, woody growth
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450 mya
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large, compact, multicellular body
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Division Anthocerotophyta: Hornworts
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small, inconspicuous thalloid plants
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roadside cuts, stable eroded soil in shade
grow on moist soil, does not encounter them often
Seed II: Angiosperms
Liliales
Asparagales
Alismatales
Dioscoreales
Commelinoid Monocots
Poales
contains grass family Poaceae, cattails, sedges, bromeliads
also include wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, rice, sugar cane
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Zingiberales
contains Maranta, Calathea, canna lilies, gingers
large showy flowers pollinated by insects, birds, or bats
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Arecales
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Concepts
Angiosperms
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Basal Eudicots
Santalales
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includes Viscum and Phoradendron
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Caryophyllales
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Asterid Clade
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conatins sunflower, periwinkle, petunia, and morning glory
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Genetics
Monohybrid cross
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Dihybrid cross
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Crossing Over
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farther apart genes are, the greater chance
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Causes of mutation
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chemical, x-rays, ultravoilet light, and radiation from radioactive substances
Insertion mutation: caused by cutting of DNA by a enzyme and rejoining with a foreign DNA as repair process
Transposition mutagenesis: Biological process that allows genes to be transferred to a host organism's chromosome, interrupting or modifying the function of an extant gene on the chromosome and causing mutation.
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DNA Replication
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unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands accommodated by an enzyme known as helicase
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Structure of Woody Plants #
Secondary Xylem: formation that occurs after the vascular cambium's secondary growth
Types of wood cells
Axial system
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consists of fibers, hardness of wood depends upon the fibers it consist
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Growth ring
a concentric layer of wood, shell, or bone developed during an annual or other regular period of growth
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Heartwood and Sapwood
Heartwood: dead inner wood, usually dark
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Sapwood: living, outermost portion of a woody stem, usually lighter in color
brings water and nutrients up from the roots through tubes inside of the trunk to the leaves and other parts of the tree
Reaction wood
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wood that forms in place of normal wood as a response to gravity where the cambial cells are oriented other than vertically
Secondary Phloem: formed from vascular cambium
shape, size, number match with xylem ray
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innermost layer, capable of conduction
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Concepts
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taller and wider
disadvantages
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flight, insects, fungi, harsh environment
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Conducting tissues
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mineral, water-upwards, carbs- downward
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Transport Processes
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between cells, the water moves from the cell having high water potential to the cell having low water potential in order to maintain the equilibrium
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In rhizomatous plants, rhizome play a role in anchoring the plant
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Xylem and phloem fibers in woody plants are shown to conduct light efficiently along the axial direction of both stems and roots
In roots, parenchyma are sites of sugar or starch storage
Food webs show the network of feeding relationships between organisms that live in a particular habitat
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Diffusion is a very important process of photosynthesis where carbon dioxide from the stomata diffuses into the leaves and finally into the cells
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