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Alzheimer disease (Risk factors (Life style factors (Diet, Physical…

- - - - Results from the breakdown of dendrites and axons of the tangle-bearing neurons
  - - - Cholesterol
        
        Disruptions to normal levels of cholesterol could arguably lead to neuronal dysfunction
      - Sphingolipids
        
        Enriched in myelin and are also associated closely with cholesterol in lipid rafts
      - Phospholipids
        
        influence many complex cell processes including proliferation, trafficking, and modulation of membrane proteins and their functions
      - Gangliosides
        
        Gangliosides can bind to Aβ protein and enhance the production of Aβ aggregates in the AD brain
  - - - Entry of microbial pathogens, accumulation of neurotoxic material, faulty BBB transport, red blood cell (RBC) extravasation and the release of neurotoxic Fe2+
        
        ROS production
  - - - Important for maintenance and plasticity of neuronal circuits -> Protection+ remodelling synapses
        
        Once activated by for example neuronal degredation, they inniate an immune reponse
      - Able to bind to soluble amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers and Aβ fibrils via cell-surface receptors
        
        Production inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
        
        Chronic neuroinflammation
        
        Cause functional and structural changes that result in neuronal degeneration
        
        Aβ aggregates bind to cell-surface receptors on microglia
        
        Inflammatory activation
        
        Secretion of TNFalpha and Interleukin 1beta
      - Astrocytes
        
        Increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)