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Nervous System Jose Arriola P.7 (Drugs that affect the…
Nervous System Jose Arriola P.7
Major part of the brain
Diencephalon
A primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control.
Brain Stem
Houses many of the control centres for vital body functions, such as swallowing, breathing, and vasomotor control.
Cerebrum
Responsible for voluntary or conscious activities and is the largest portion of the brain.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum is made up of two hemispheres connected by the vermis and it processes information from the brain and peripheral nervous system for balance and body control
Functions
Sensory Function
Detects changes within body and outside body
Motor Function
It may respond to stimuli by initiating muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
Integrative Function
It analyzes sensory information stores some aspects and makes decisions regarding appropriate behaviors.
Divisions and Subdivisions
Central Nervous System
Receives incoming sensory information, issues instructions, and also integrates information
Brain
Receive and processes sensory information, initiates responses, stores memories, and generates thoughts and emotions
Spinal cord
Conducts signals to and from the brain, controls reflex activities
Peripheral Nervous System
Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from spinal cord, cranial nerves carry impulses to and from cranium.
Motor Neurons
Somatic Nervous System
Controls voluntary movements
Central Nervous System to muscles and glands
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls involuntary responses
Parasympathetic
"Rest or Digest"
Sympathetic Division
"Fight or Flight'
Sensory Neurons
Sensory organs to Central Nervous System
Lobes
Occipital
It is viewed to be the center of the visual perception system
Frontal
Controls important cognitive skills in humans, such as emotional expression.
Parietal
Performs vital functions in joining the sensory information from different sections of the body, knowing numerical facts.
Temporal
Its main function is that it process and analyzes auditory information.
Tissues
Dendrite
Receives incoming signals towards the cell body
Myelin
Increases the speed of impulses along the axon of the neuronal fiber
Neuron
Neurons are highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses.
Ependyma
Lines up the ventricles and spinal canal
Schwann cell
Neuroglia cells that support neuronal function by increasing the speed of impulse propagation.
Oligodendrocyte
It serves as a physical support to neurons
Neurotransmitters
Dopamine
Involved in many functions, including motor control, reward and reinforcement, and motivation.
GABA
the primary excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.
Acetylcholine
Plays an important role in the central nervous system in maintaining cognitive function
Serotonin
Serotonin is involved in functions such as sleep and produced gastrointestinal tract in response to food
Norepinephrine
Works on the activity of various organs in the body to control blood pressure,
Glutamate
Contributes to motor control, vision, and many other cortical functions while also regulating anxiety.
meninges
Dura mater
The dura mater is a membrane that envelops the arachnoid mater and surrounds the dural sinuses
Arachnoid mater
Helps protect the brain and spinal cord from sudden impact.
Pia mater
It hugs the spinal cord and brain like a coat. It has blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord.
Classification of neurons
Sensory Neurons
Transmit impulses to CNS from all parts of the body
Inter neurons
Transmit impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
Motor Neurons
Transmit impulses away from CNS to Effectors
Reflex arc.
a neural pathway that controls a reflex.
Action potential
Nerve impulse is transmitted during action potential; only axons are capable of action potentials
Drugs that affect the brain
Heroine
Affects the person’s mood in producing an immediate feeling of sedation.
Ecstasy
Causes the serotonin transporter to transport serotonin out of the cell making the individual feel anxious.
Marijuana
Marijuana causes the individual to lose short term memories and is responsible for slowing down movement
Methamphetamine
Forces dopamine molecules out of the dopamine vesicles making the user feel intense pleasure and exhilaration.
Alcohol
Causes GABA receptors to become even more inhibitory preventing the glutamate from exciting the cell. Affects memory of the brain
Cocaine
Blocks the transporters leaving dopamine trapped in the symptic cleft making the user become fidgety and unable to stay still
LSD
LSD cause the user to feel wakefulness and evoking a startle response to unexpected stimulus
Divisions of the PNS
Parasympathetic
Concerned with digestion, urination and defecation.
Sympathetic Division
Helps maintain normal body functions and conserves physical resources
Compare & contrast the
autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system has two different divisions in which one is the sympathetic division that is a fight or flight while parasympathetic division views the rest or digest section of the body. They are similar because they both send connections as one causes heart rate to increase while the other causes heart rate to decrease.
Spaces &
ventricles
Lateral ventricle
Provides cushioning for the brain while also helping to circulate nutrients and remove waste.
Third ventricle
Helps to protect the brain from injury and transport nutrients and waste.
Choroid Plexus of third ventricle
Prooduces cerebrospinal fluid and provides a toxin barrier to the brain and other central nervous system tissue
Major parts and
functions of the spinal cord
Gray matter
Contains cell bodies of alpha motor neurons, which innervate skeletal muscle to cause movement.
Lateral horn
send axons via the ventral roots of the spinal nerves to terminate on striated muscles.
Anterior horn
Contains cell bodies of alpha motor neurons, which innervate skeletal muscle to cause movement.
White matter
It serves as the wiring of the spinal cord primarily to carry information.
Lateral columns
Receives input from brain stem, organs, and hypothalamus
Central canal
A fluid-filled space in the spinal cord that has a protective function and allows for nutrient transport
Anterior columns
Innervates skeletal muscle to cause movement.
Diseases
Alzheimer's disease
A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions.
Parkinson's disease
A disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors.
Motor neurone disease
An uncommon condition that affects the brain and nerves causing weakness to the body parts
Coverings
Endoneurium
Surrounds individual fibers within a nerve
Perineurium
Surrounds a group of nerve fibers
Fascicle
A group of nerve fibers
Epineurium
Surrounds the entire nerve
Anatomy of the spinal cord
Cervical Vertebrae
Provides mobility and stability to the head while connecting it to the relatively immobile thoracic spine
Thoracic Vertebrae
Supports the back so it well balanced
Sacral
Articulate securely with the pelvic girdle, and they are usually fused to form a single bone to provide a firm support.
Coccygeal Vertebrae
Supports and stabilizes a person while he or she is in a sitting position
Lumbar Vertebrae
Protects the delicate spinal cord and nerves within their vertebral canal