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Chapter 6 Notes (field note (maps overgenralize, in belguim language has…

- - - - backward reconstruction = tracks sound shift to original language "process"
      - extimct language = without any native speakers
      - deep reconstruction = final reconstruction of extinct language "answer"
      - nostratic = predececor to proto indo european
      - nostratic had no words for domesticated plants or animals and their words for dog nd wollf were the same so we can tell that it was about 14,00 years ago based on bones and the first agricultural revolution
    - - language divergance = new language coming out of old one, comes when people are spatialy spread out and first dialects form then discrete languages
      - convergance = 2 lamguages collapsing into one over time with consistent spatial interaction
      - tree can alter when all speakers perish, invadors conquer
    - - conquest theory: spread east to west on horseback, taking over other civilizations
      - agricultural theory: diffused westward with agriculure diffusion
      - dispersal hypothesis: originated in turkey, first carried southeast into asia then around the caspian sea then westward into europe
  - - - romance languages = areas formally controlled by romans (french, spanish, italian, romanian, and portugese)
      - germanic languages = (expansion of north europe to south and west (english, german, danish, norwegian, and swedish)
      - slavic languages = migrated from ukraine to most of eastern europe (russian, polish, czech, slovvak, ukrainian, slovenian, serbo-croation)
    - - languages almost exactly coincide with organization of space and countries
- - - - language reflects where people have been, their values, and history, and colonization
      - forced assimilation affects native tounges
      - language can be used as a weapon
      - some states or provinces have passed official language besides there being no national language
    - - mutual intelligibility = 2 people can understand each other who speak other languages
      - mutual intelligibility is hard to measure and many languages would fail, you are supposed to be able to understand different dialects but not different languages
    - - widely distributed and purposefully taught language
      - ex: celtic or kings english
      - influence and power decide
    - - dialects = variants of standard language
      - accents, pronunciation, speed, cadence, syntax, and vocab
      - dialect chains: dialects closest to each other will be most similar
      - no true dialect for language
      - isogloss = geographic boundry within a linguistic feature occurs, lines tend to be fuzzy