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Nervous System Abigail Pratt P.4 (Drugs that Affect the Brain (Alcohol,…
Nervous System Abigail Pratt P.4
Major Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory Input, both internal and external.
Divisions and Subdivisions
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Afferent Division
Efferent Division
Somatic Nervous System
Automatic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic Divison
Major Parts of Brain + Functions
Cerebrum
Comes from the telencephalon, forms the two cerebral hemispheres
Conscious thought, motor skills
Cerebellum
Subconscious activity
Motor Areas
Voluntary movement, primary and pre-motor cortex
Primary and Association Somatosensory Cortex
Receives and interprets physical sensory information
Primary and Association Visual Cortex
Receives and interprets visual information
Auditory Association Area
Allows for recognition of audio stimulus
Gustatory Cortex
Perceives taste stimuli
Visceral Sensory Area
Conscious perceptions of visceral sensations
Prefrontal Cortex
Intellect, cognition, recall, and personality
Posterior Association Area
Recognition patterns and faces, our surroundings, binds sensory inputs to create a whole.
Lobes + Functions
Frontal Lobe: Conscious thought, decision making
Motor Cortex: Movement
Sensory Cortex: Touch
Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information regarding the location of body parts as well as interpreting visual information and processing language and mathematics
Occipital Lobe: Vision, sight
Temporal Lobe: Auditory
Layers of the Meninges
Three connective tissue membranes that lie just external to the CNS organs
Dura Mater: outermost and toughest
Dura Septa: limits excessive movement of the brain within the cranium
Arachnoid Mater: a loose, spiderweb-like brain covering
Pia Mater: delicate connective tissue, contains many tiny blood vessels, clings to the brain like plastic wrap
Spaces &
Ventricles
Brain Ventricles are continuous with one another and central canal of the spinal cord. Filled with cerebrospinal fluid and lined by ependymal cell
Lateral Ventricles: One per hemisphere, C-shaped
Structure & Function of a Neuron
Neuron Cell Body
A spherical nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm. Also called the perikaryon or soma
Processes
Parts that extend from the cell body
Dendrites
short, tapering, diffusely branching extensions. Main receptive (input) regions. Convey messages toward the cell body
Axons
Extends from the axon hillock. The initial segment narrows to form a slender process that is uniform in diameter. Axons can be very long (then they're called nerve fibers). Bundles are called tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS.
Myelin Sheath
Myelin protects and electrically insulates fibers and increases the transmission speed of nerve impulses. Myelin sheaths are only associated with axons.
Classification of Neurons
Multipolar Neurons
Three or more processes, common in humans
Bipolar Neurons
Two processes, an axon and a dendrite extending opposite each other
Unipolar Neurons
A single short process that emerges from the cell body and divides T-like into proximal and distal branches
Interneurons
Association neurons, between motor and sensory neurons
Action Potential
A brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude of about 100 mV. Depolarization is followed by re-polarization and often a short period of hyper-polarization. Action potential does not decay with distance.
Drugs that Affect the Brain
Alcohol
Cocaine
Opioids
Inhalents
Marijuana
MDMA
Methamphetamine
Nicotine
Psychedelics
GHB & Rohypnol
Dissociative Drugs
Diseases Associated with the Brain
Alzheimer's Disease
Parkinson's Disease
Huntington's Disease
Major Nerves of the Body
Divisions of the PNS
Afferent Division
Somatic & visceral sensory nerves
Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Efferent Division
Motor nerve fibers
Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary motor nerve fibers
Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
Automatic Nervous System
Involuntary motor nerve fibers
Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
Sympathetic Division
Mobilizes body systems during activity
Parasympathetic Division
Conserves energy
Promotes house-keeping functions during rest
Spinal Nerves
8 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair.
Ventral Roots
Motor Fibers
Dorsal Roots
Sensory fibers
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine, stimulates skeletal muscles
Catecholamines, (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, indolamines) broadly distributed in the brain
Amino Acids
Neuropeptids, deal with pain management
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine, a potent inhibitor in the brain
The Parts of the
Reflex Arc.
1: Receptor, the site of stimulus action
2: Sensory neuron transmits afferent impulses to CNS
3: Integration Center, either a monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS
4: Motor neuron conducts efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ
5: Effectors (muscle fiber or gland cells) respond to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting.