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Conflict (National/Global Conflict (National Identity (Language and…

- - - - How to Tame a Wild Tongue
        
        As our primary form of self-expression, language is important both to an individual's sense of identity and to a culture's sense of community
        
        As a result, suppression of language is likened to "linguistic terrorism" and can severely damage one's self-worth and the integrity of a community
  - - - The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao
        
        The fukú represents how colonialism and the process of decolonialization can cause trauma that is passed down through generations
        
        On a national scale, Trujillo is the embodiment of how colonialism can cause major instability and permanently damage a society
  - - - Fear "shrinks" the body and restricts free movement, allowing some bodies to take up more space whilst others are cramped and unable to shift
      - Identification with a collective allows an individual to take up space occupied by the collective and move along with it, embodied by the blooming of patriotism in response to 9/11
      - Emphasis on "security" following 9/11 along with values such as love and freedom allows for justification of acts of violence and war committed in the states and around the world
  - - - Twilight: Los Angeles
        
        When communities feel that their voices aren't being heard, their unresolved anger can lead to violence and destruction
        
        Often, racial conflict is not one race versus another, but instead a complex web of race relations. For example, in the 1992 riots the Koreans were targeted by rioters, but weren't protected by police either
        
        Past events can serve both as a source of anger (slavery, segregation) and as inspiration for those who want to be heard (past riots like the Zoot Suit Riots)
  - - - While logical arguments have their place in politics, often it can be more effective to target an emotional response that you want to evoke in your audience
      - ACT UP effectively attempted to turn the grief of the LGBT community into anger against the government
      - The dominant ideology of thoughts in the US is rationality, which abhors the intense emotion evoked by ACT UP. They countered this by asserting that their anger IS rational and that they must logically rebel to live
    - - "Let the Record Show" not only attributed criminality to people working against Gran Fury's cause, but compared them to Nazi leaders in order to stoke anger
      - Their "Venice Biennale" piece was a bold jab at anti-safe sex policy in the Catholic church and cemented the group as both artists and activists in the US and worldwwide
- - - - Shame is prevalent among almost every character in the novel, taking different forms
      - Most prominently, Pecola feels shame at her blackness due to anglonormativity in media
      - Cholly notably does not feel shame, but rather self-contempt
    - - Shame-humiliation is focused on the self and is necessarily connected to a lingering interest in the object of shame
      - Contempt-disgust has more focus on the object and has the least self-consciousness
      - Guilt can refer to shame or to self-contempt
  - - - Mourning and melancholia are responses to the loss of a loved one or some object of love (country, freedom, etc.)
      - Melancholia is a pathological form of mourning, in which the subject never moves on and stops mourning the loss
    - - Immigration and integration involves "the fluid negotiation between mourning and melancholia
      - Racial melancholia is not individually pathological, but a disease of the system, spread socially
  - - - Hope, for both the abstract and the concrete, can and must be disappointed, or it would not be hope
      - Utopias are built on hope, and can serve to create an ideal for a society or community to strive for, even if it cannot be achieved
      - "Queerness" is fundamentally connected to hope, as it itself represents a sort of utopia
    - - "We were never meant to survive"; the very fact of one's existence proves a strength perhaps unknown to us and encourages us to continue
      - Fear and worry will be present no matter the circumstances, so to not speak because of fear does only a disservice to yourself and those you represent
- - - - The Reluctant Fundamentalist
        
        People are drawn to America under the pretense of a better life, but forces them to abandon their home culture
        
        Changez came to receive an education so he could help his family regain their lost wealth, but instead let himself become an agent of capitalism when he worked at Underwood Samson, a "Janissary"
        
        In the end, the only way he could retain his Pakistani identity was by going back to Pakistan, leaving behind his job and the love of his life
  - - - Racial community and kinship are important to maintaining the self and withstanding outside pressure to conform
      - Chris feels uncomfortable at the Armitages' home because the only black people there have been stripped of their "blackness" and adopted a sort of faux-whiteness
    - - One historical tool of white supremacy and oppression was controlling the gaze of black people, not allowing them to look as a subject but only be looked at as an object
      - Black people existing in predominantly white spaces learn to fear whiteness as an object of oppression
- - - - The Woman Warrior
        
        The narrator feels a connection to her mother's homeland through stories, but also feels shackled to its issues, such as sexism
        
        Brave Orchid cannot keep up with the business of American life ans struggles to integrate into a society that does not value her
  - - - Notes of a Native Son
        
        Baldwin's father was abusive and paranoid, but after his death he came to understand what made him that way and the kind of man he may have been before
        
        He connects the feelings of his father to the emotions of the black community in Harlem. They had been wronged and corrupted by an abusive society for so long and "needed something to smash"
      - Beyond Anger
        
        Anger is primarily motivated by revenge and punishment of the offender and therefore is always counterproductive
        
        Patience, restraint, and love can counteract anger with practice and bring groups together rather than alienate them
      - The Aptness of Anger
        
        Anger can be productive, allowing us to effectively recognize and act against perceived injustice
        
        Even counterproductive anger can be apt and justified given the situation, despite causing more harm than good
        
        The question, then, shouldn't be "Does being angry help the situation?", but instead "Is being angry an appropriate response?"