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stroke victim with history of alcoholism (anatomy and functions of parts…
stroke victim with history of alcoholism
stroke information
blood circulation to a brain area and brain tissue dies of ischemia.
most common CVA is caused by a blood clot that blocks the cerebral artery
the loss and function of his right hand and arm and inability to walk alone are signs of hemiplegia. This is very common in CVA victims.
alcohol in excess can damage the liver and stop it from making the substances that help your blood clot. This will greatly increase your chances of having a stroke from brain bleeding.
the inability to talk is pretty common as well but some stroke victims can regain their ability to speak from undamaged neurons sprouting new branches to injured areas and they take over lost functions.
outcome of stroke victim
the ability for the brain to regrow function after stroke can happen
to regain speech he will need to practice using his mouth and tongue muscles to rewire the brain to connect the mouth with the brain again.
his ability to play piano again depends on the rehab process and if theyre quick about it. Beginning form rehab will help strengthen the connectinos in your brain that help to control you arm.It helps to "relink mind to muscle" sow when your brain fires a signal to your arm, it moves in response.
what he does immediately following the stroke is imperative
to be able to talk, walk, or play piano again he will need to start the rehab process immediately to prevent muscle contractures.
maintaining a healthy diet and refraining from alcohol will greatly reduce the possibility of another stroke.
if alcoholism is continued in this patients daily life, the results could be tragic.
alcohol can cause harmful effects if youre on a blood thinner after your stroke.
alcohol could also worsen the negative effects you endured from the stroke (walking, speech, and balance)
when you have a stroke a blood clot causes a block of blood flow through the brain. immediate effects of a stroke are commonly facial drooping, arm weakness, and speech difficulties.
what a stroke is and why patient outcomes differ
transient ischemic attack: mini stroke
warning sign of a future stroke
blood flow blocked for less than 5 minutes
hemorrhagic stroke: blood vessel in the brain breaks or ruptures. Blood seeps into brain tissue causing damage to brain cells
most common causes are high blood pressure and brain aneurysms
intracerebral hemorrhage: artery in brain bursts and floods surrounding tissue with blood
subarachnoid hemorrhage: bleeding in the area between brain and thin covering tissue
a stroke is when an area of the brains blood flow is blocked causing deprivation of oxygen and glucose. If not caught early, permanent brain damage or death can occur
ischemic stroke: blood clot occurs in or travels to the brain and blocks blood flow to brain cells
can be caused by plaque build up in the brains blood vessels
accounts for about 87% of all strokes
strokes cause different outcomes based on location and severity of the stroke
limbic system stroke
rare area for a stroke
may lose basic human drives and natural inhibitions
cerebellum stroke
strokes here can cause clumsiness, shakiness and difficulty controlling muscles
long term could impair coordination, balance, difficulty walking and headaches
not a common area for a stroke
brain stem stroke
if you survive, life support is usually required
stroke here can cause a coma
usually fatal
cerebrum stroke
2/3 of strokes occur here
frontal lobe: weakness, paralysis, expressive aphasia (difficulty speaking, writing or gesturing)
occipital lobe: can result in the loss of ability to recognize or interpret visual stimuli, like faces
parietal lobe: can cause sensory loss and vision problems on side opposite of damage
temporal lobe: produce language problems, difficulty understanding speech, verbalizing thoughts, reading and writing. Memory loss is also common but temporary depending on if both sides of the brain or one were affected
effects of alcohol on the brain
for occasional and moderate drinkers
impaired decision making
recklessness
blackout
memory impairment
alcohol acts on neurotransmitters such as GABA, dopamine and glutamate
activity on GABA and glutamate result in physiological effects such as slurred speech and slowed movement
activity on dopamine produces the pleasurable feelings that motivate you to drink in the first place
for heavy or chronic drinkers
inability to think abstractly
loss of visuospatial abilities
diminished gray matter in the brain
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
loss of attention span
memory loss
anatomy and functions of parts of the brain
basal ganglia: group of large nuclei that partially surround the thalamus
nuclei are important in the control of movement
red nucleus and substantia nigra have connections with basal ganglia
red nucleus are relay pathways that assist in some descending motor pathways that cause limb flexion
substantia nigra contains large numbers of dopamine-producing neurons. Linked to basal nuclei and degeneration of these neurons are the ultimate cause of Parkinsons disease
the brain stem:
medulla: located above the spinal cord int eh lower part of the brain stem. Controls your heart rate, breathing and blood pressure
pons: connect the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum and play a role in many autonomic functions such as stimulating breathing and controlling sleep cycles
midbrain: relay station for outgoing and visual info as well as controls eye movement
limbic system: connection between limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebral cortex
central in control of emotional responses
made up of cingulate gyrus, septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus
diencephalon
hypothalamus: controls hunger, thirst, emotions, body temperature regulation, and circadian rhythms
grouping of nuclei lying at base of brain near the pituitary gland
controls pituitary gland by secreting hormones which gives this part of the brain great control over many body functions
epithalamus
helps regulate sleep-wake cycles
forms the roof of third ventricle
thalamus:processes and transmits movement and sensory info
relay station to and from cerebral cortex
relays info to other systems
located above the brain stem
cerebellum: little brain
helps control posture, balance, coordination of voluntary movements and speech
receives info from balance system in inner ear, sensory nerves, and auditory and visual systems. Its involved in coordination of movements and motor learning
lies on top of pons behind the brain stem
makes up 10% of brain size but accounts for more than 50% of total neurons in the brain
ventricle system
lateral ventricles
each ventricle communicates with third ventricle via the interventricular foramen
both ventricles lie close together and are separated only by the septum pellucidum
c-shaped chambers that reflect pattern of cerebral growth
third ventricle
continuous with the fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct
intricate part of the unique system that provides nutrients and vital substances to nerve cells
fourth ventricle
continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord inferiorly
lies dorsal to the pons and superior medulla
cerebral cortex: higher thought, language, reasoning, imagination, ability to think and consciousness
has gyrus and sulcus
divides into 4 lobes
parietal lobe: middle section of the brain and associated with tactile sensory info such as pressure, touch and pain
temporal lobe: located in bottom section of the brain and associated with interpreting sounds and language
hippocampus is located here and helps in the formation of memories
frontal lobe: front of brain and associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher level cognition and repressive language
occipital lobe: located at back of the brain and associated with interpreting visual stimuli and information
matter of the brain
gray matter
brain stem has additional gray matter scattered within white matter
cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum have an outer layer of gray matter called cortex
short non-myelinated neurons and neuron cell bodies
contains glial cells, axon tracts, and capillary blood vessels
messages pass through different areas of gray matter within central nervous system
white matter
spinal cord exhibits a central cavity surrounded by gray matter and an outer layer of white matter
contains oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
mostly myelinated axons and some non-myelinated axons in fiber tracts