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the renaissance 16 th (there are three turning points (The Lutheran…

- - - - the printing revolution had many consequences on the spread of culture , printed books were much less expensive than handwritten ones and so culture could reach far more people than before . This spread mustn’t be overrated: books remained luxury goods for centuries
        
        he circulation of the book was linked to
        the affirmation of the national languages.
        
        From 1450 onwards the first bibles translated in Germany were printed. It was a sign of a great change: the Bible could be read by many more people, who didn’t have to know Latin.The books circulated more easily, and the access to culture was very open compared to the past
  - - - luther's followers
      - roman catholics
      - it was a strong clash on different levels as cultural struggle because different opinions about god
      - in details , he studies law , he was clever and started to teach biblical studies he began and elaborate a sort of new doctrine about christian religon which criticized the corruption of the church it was due to the sale of indulgences
        
        luthor wrote ninety five thesis a collection of theological statement about this ideas on religion and the church and thanks to printing jhelped luthors work to circulate
        
        luthor main ideas
        
        This Reformation was both a theological revolution and a way to break the influence of the Roman Church.
        
        in Switzerland french theologian names john calvin elaborated another form of Protestantism. calvinism had very strict moral rules and emphasized the problem of predestination القضاء والقدر a lot for luthor salvation was a consequence of god's choice . for cavlin god had already chosen who was saved and who was damned . calvinists thought working success was a cue of eternal salvation . as consequence they put much effort in their work life
        
        in 1555 each prince had to choose his religion (luthern or catolic ) and all his subjects had to adopt it
        
        reducing sacraments to two , the baptism and communion
        
        refusal of hierarchial strucure of the church it means it was no longer necessary for priests to explain the bible
        
        faith depends only on the personal reading of the bible .the traditional doctrine elaborated by priests over the centuries are iirelevant
        
        He thought that salvation could only be reached through faith .Good deeds are not useful
  - - - The so-called “conquistadores” wentto the New world to seek their fortune: soon a new commercial empire was created, and the powerful European states started to exploit the enormous wealth of the colonies
        
        they seemed like savages ti the european . the supposed backwardness of the natives led to a massive exploitation . the natvies were killed or reduced to salvery also theiy forced to convert to the christian religion moreover many of them died of the diseases brought from europe by animals and natives immune