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61 year-old male with long history of alcohol abuse suffers a stoke and…

- - - - Brainstem
        
        Major transportation route, connects to spinal cord, and controls respiratory (life support)
        
        Pons
        
        Midbrain
        
        Medulla oblongata
      - Cerebellum
        
        Stores motor movement
        
        Muscle memory
      - Cerebrum
        
        Largest part of the brain, divided into tow hemispheres, memory, emotion, and consciousness are the result of cerebral function
        
        Prefrontal cortex
        
        Primary somatosensory cortex
        
        Touch sense
        
        Central sulcus
        
        Somatosensory association
        
        Understanding what you're touching
        
        Longitudinal (sagittal) fissure
        
        Primary visual cortex
        
        Visual association cortex
        
        Helps make sense of what your are seeing
        
        Primary auditory cortex
        
        Hearing
        
        Gustatory and olfactory area
        
        Taste and smelling sense
        
        Premotor cortex
        
        Wernicke's
        
        Reading and hearing language
        
        Brocua's
        
        Language/speaking part
        
        Lobes of cerebral cortex
        
        Parietal lobe
        
        Associated with movement
        
        Located posterior to central sulcus
        
        Occipital lobe
        
        Associated with visual processing
        
        Separates parietal lobes from occipital lobe
        
        Frontal lobe
        
        Problem solving
        
        Central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
        
        Anterior to central sulcus
        
        Temporal lobe
        
        Associated with perception and recognition auditory stimuli, memory and speech
        
        Lateral cerebral sulcus the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
        
        Insula
        
        Cannot be seen at the surface
      - Diencephalon
        
        Thalamus
        
        Motor control and sends sensory information
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Regulates body temperature
        
        Autonomic nervous system
        
        Endocrine system
        
        Releases adrenaline (fight or flight)
        
        Epithalamus
        
        Contain pineal gland
        
        Contains habenular nuclei
  - - - Composed of several groups of neurons
      - Amygdala body
        
        Recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits fear response
    - - Located within the septal area formed by the region under the corpus callous and the paraterminal gyrus
    - - Cingulate gyrus
        
        Plays role in expressing emotion via gestures and resolves mental conflict
      - Denate gyrus
        
        Lies between the hippocampus and parahippocampus
    - - Two round masses close to the midline near the cerebral peduncles
    - - Is a rim of cerebral cortex
    - - Flattened bodies of the olfactory pathway that rest on the cribriform plate
    - - Hypothalamus plays a role in psychosomatic illnesses
    - - Ex: skunks smell bad
  - - - Medial (large cell) group of nuclei
      - Lateral (small cell) group of nuclei
      - Raphe nuclei
    - - The connections allow it to govern brain arousal
    - - Inhibited by sleep centers, alcohol, drugs
      - Severe injury can result in permanent unconsciousness (coma)
      - Filers out repetitive,familiar, or weak stimuli
      - Helps control coarse limb movements
      - Sends impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it conscious and alert
- - - - Not understanding the effects of alcohol
    - - Working in the heat can cause a heat stroke
  - - - Can't be use for stimulation making muscles start working
        
        Therefore, can't use his right hand and arm or can't walk without assistance
    - - Language/speaking part doesn't function as it should
        
        Therefore, the patient can't speak
    - - Can't store motor movement or muscle memory
        
        Therefore, the patient can't remember which muscles to moves in order to use right hand and arm or walk without assistance
  - - - Directly into the bloodstream, primarily in the small intestines
        
        Then concentrates in various organs in proportion to water content (brain has high water content)
- - - - Left side hemiplegia
      - Left side neglect, shoulder on affected side rotates internally and hip rotates externally
    - - Mood is affected by right brain damage
        
        Impaired time concepts
        
        Impaired judgment
        
        Pmpulsivity = safety problems
        
        Poor attention span
        
        Rapid performance
        
        Tends to deny/minimize problems
      - Mood is affected by left brain damage
        
        Slow performance
        
        Cautious
        
        Aware of deficits
        
        Depression
        
        Impaired comprehension related to math and language
  - - - Can't be use for stimulation making muscles start working
        
        Therefore, can't use his right hand and arm or can't walk without assistance
    - - Language/speaking part doesn't function as it should
        
        Therefore, the patient can't speak
    - - Can't store motor movement or muscle memory
        
        Therefore, the patient can't remember which muscles to moves in order to use right hand and arm or walk without assistance
  - - - Doesn't stop drinking
      - Keeps having strokes
      - Get liver failure
      - Gets hypertension
      - Looses his memory
      - Acquires other health problems
      - Becomes dizzy or loses balance
      - He begins to loose gustatory sensation
    - - Stops drinking
      - Doesn't have anymore strokes
      - Starts walking without assistance
      - Able to speak again
      - Gets motivation to practice playing the piano so eventually will start to use right hand and arm
    - - Ability to rewire the brain
      - Improve condition
        
        Potentiation (the increase in strength of nerve impulses)
        
        Synaptic changes
        
        Causing a release of more neurotransmitters
        
        Causing to create more receptors
        
        Leading to a greater response
      - Worsen condition
        
        Depression
        
        Synaptic changes
        
        Less neeurotransmitters releasing
        
        Causing less receptors to react
        
        Eventually having a weak or no response
  - - - A very high concentration of alcohol in the blood can cause varying states of unconsciousness, including coma.
    - - Alcohol-induced amnesia is known as a blockout since alcohol inhibited the brain's memory-making process
    - - Alcohol affects short-term memory by slowing down how nerves communicate with each other in a part of the brain called the hippocampus
    - - Alcohol disrupts sleep by increasing your need to go the bathroom
    - - Chronic alcohol abuse causes destruction of liver cells
- - - - Brainstem
        
        Major transportation route, connects to spinal cord, and controls respiratory (life support)
        
        Pons
        
        Midbrain
        
        Medulla oblongata
        
        Swallowing
        
        Coughing
        
        Vasomotor
        
        Regulated blood pressure
        
        Sneezing
        
        Primary respiratory
        
        Regulates normal breathing
        
        Vomiting center
        
        Cardiac
        
        Control center that regulated heart
      - Cerebellum
        
        Stores motor movement
        
        Muscle memory
      - Cerebrum
        
        Largest part of the brain, divided into tow hemispheres, memory, emotion, and consciousness are the result of cerebral function
        
        Premotor cortex
        
        Prefrontal cortex
        
        Emotions and moods and decision making; higher thinking process; personality
        
        Primary motor cortex
        
        Use for stimulation making muscles start working
        
        Primary somatosensory cortex
        
        Touch sense
        
        Central sulcus
        
        A shallow grove such as the between the convolutions on the brain surface
        
        Somatosensory association
        
        Understanding what you're touching
        
        Longitudinal (sagittal) fissure
        
        A narrow cleft that separates the parts, such as the lobes of the cerebrum
        
        Primary visual cortex
        
        Visual association cortex
        
        Helps make sense of what your are seeing
        
        Primary auditory cortex
        
        Hearing
        
        Gustatory and olfactory area
        
        Taste and smelling sense
        
        Wernicke's
        
        Reading and hearing language
        
        Brocua's
        
        Language/speaking part
        
        Lobes of cerebral cortex
        
        Parietal lobe
        
        Associated with movement, orientation recognition, perception of stimulation
        
        Postcentral gyrus, located posterior to central sulcus, contains the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex
        
        Occipital lobe
        
        Associated with visual processing
        
        Parieto-occipital sulcus, separates parietal lobes from occipital lobe
        
        Frontal lobe
        
        Associated with reasoning, planning, emotion and problem solving
        
        Central sulcus separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
        
        Precentral gyrus, located immediately anterior to central sulcus
        
        Temporal lobe
        
        Associated with perception and recognition auditory stimuli, memory and speech
        
        Lateral cerebral sulcus the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe
        
        Insula
        
        Within the lateral cerebral sulcus, deep to the parietal frontal, and temporal bones, cannot be seen at the surface
      - Diencephalon
        
        Thalamus
        
        Motor control and sends sensory information to other parts of brain where information is processed
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Regulates body temperature
        
        Autonomic nervous system
        
        Endocrine system
        
        Releases adrenaline (fight or flight)
        
        Epithalamus
        
        Contain pineal gland, which produces melatonin
        
        Contains habenular nuclei to help relay signals from limbic system
  - - - Can have consequences for movement, sensation or emotions
    - - Difficulty forming words
      - Difficulty swallowing
      - Sudden or gradual loss of movement of extremities on one side
      - Nausea, vomiting
      - Weakness or numbness
      - History of TIAs (Transient Ischemic Attack)
        
        A temporary loss of neurologic function
        
        Caused by focal brain, spinal cord or retinal ischemia
      - Can differ in patients based on
        
        Gender
        
        If patients have health problems
        
        Age
    - - F.A.S.T
        
        S: speech difficulty
        
        T: time to call 911
        
        A: arm weakness
        
        F: face drooping
  - - - After 1-4 drinks
        
        Problem solving
        
        Judgement
        
        Speech
        
        Inhibition is impaired
      - After 5-7 drinks
        
        Perception
        
        Attention span
        
        Gross motor skills
        
        Reaction time is affected
        
        Uncoordinated
        
        Blurred vision
        
        Unbalanced
    - - After 8+ drinks
        
        Body temperature
        
        Blinking
        
        Heart rate/BP
        
        Coma
        
        Digestion
        
        Death
        
        Breathing
    - - Prevents memories from forming and causes loss of emotional control
    - - Increase3s sexual arousal