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A 61 year old male suffering from stroke (Background information (Anatomy…
A 61 year old male suffering from stroke
Background information
Anatomy of brain
Outer surface
Sulci
Shallow depressions
Fissures
Deeper groves
Gyri
Exhibits folds
Directional terms
Rostral
Anterior (towards the nose)
Caudal
Posterior (towards the tail)
Tissue areas of brain
Gray matter
Color from motor and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons
White matter
Color from myelin of axons
Support and Protection
Cranial meninges
Three connective tissue layers
Arachnoid Mater
Lies external pia mater
Subdural space
Potential space between arachnoid and dura mater
Dura Mater
Tough, dense layer lies external to arachnoid mater
Periosteal layer
More superficial layer that forms periosteum
Epidural space
Potential space between dura mater and bones of skull
Meningeal layer
Superficial to arachnoid
Pia Mater
Inner most of cranial meninges
Cranial nervous system
Brain stem
Diencephalon
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Lobes
Insula
Small lobe deep to lateral sulcus
Parietal lobe
Forms superior and posterior part of cerebral hemisphere
Occipital lobe
Forms posterior part of cerebral hemisphere
Frontal lobe
Forms anterior part of cerebral hemisphere
Temporal lobe
Inferior to lateral sulcus
Composition and charateristics
Characteristics
Difficult to perform exact function on a specific region
Innervation
Cerebral lateralization
Composition
Hemispheres separate at some locations
Separated by deep cleft called longitudinal fissure
Composed of two halves, left and right cerebral hemispheres
Functional areas
Sensory areas
Primary auditory cortex
It is located in temporal lobe, receives and processes auditory information
Primary olfactory cortex
It is located in temporal lobe, provides conscious sense of smell
Primary visual cortex
It is located in occipital lobe, receives and processes incoming information
Primary gustatory cortex
It is located in insula, provides the sense of taste
Primary somatosensory cortex
It is located in the parietal lobes, and receives sensory information
Motor areas
Primary motor cortex
Located in precentral gyrus of lobe and
control voluntary skeletal muscle activity
Motor speech area
It is located in the inferior and lateral portion of left frontal lobe and controls muscular movement for vocalization
Frontal eye field
It is located on the superior surface of middle frontal gyrus and regulates eye movement
Association areas
Premotor cortex
It is located in frontal lobe,
provides skilled motor activities
Visual association area
It is located in occipital lobe,
provides the identification of things we can see
Somatosensory association area
It is located in parietal lobe,
provides the sense of knowing objects we can not see
Auditory association area
It is located in temporal lobe,
provides the storage of sound heard in past
Effects of Alcohol on brain
Alcohol disturbs the brain functions and leads to some symptoms
Loss of balance and posture
Not able to stand stable on foot
Disturbance of gait
Unable to walk properly in straight line
Inability to detect information
Inability in closing eyes and touching nose
Stroke
Stroke takes place when arterial blood vessel are blocked, also known as cerebrovascular accident
Symptoms of stroke
Headache
Weakness
Dizziness
Blurred vision
Unstable walking
Outcomes of stroke
Reduce blood supply and can cause brain tissue death if more than 10 mins, affects the opposite side of body
Downstream effects
Brain tissue death can take place, opposite site of body will be effected and more serious vessel blockage can occur in future
Upstream causes
Direct cause
It can be caused directly by the blocked artery or hemorrhage
The patient has the specefic symptoms because he was an alcohol addictor and that lead to the brain hemorrhage
Indirect cause
Alcohol affects the risk of his stroke because it can harm cerebellum functions