The urinary system eliminate waste products including nitrogenous wastes, toxins, and drugs and it regulates aspects of homeostasis including water balance, electrolytes, blood pH, blood pressure, red blood cell production, and activation of Vitamin D. The urinary system consists of the right and left kidney, the ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra. In the urinary system the kidneys create urine but it also regulates fluid and electrolyte balance by filtration, secretion and reabsorption. The ureters transports urine toward the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder holds urine temporarily before being eliminated. The urethra conducts urine to exterior.
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. The nephron is a blood-filtering unit in the renal cortex of the kidney. Which contains about 1 million nephrons to create urine. The nephron consists of the renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
Glomerular filtration is the first step in making urine blood pressure forces filtrate out of glomerular capillaries into glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule), then into proximal tubule. The proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron is the first section of the renal tubule that the blood flows through; reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients. Selective reabsorption is the second stage in the function of the nephrons. It occurs between proximal tubule and peritubular capillary and the nephron selects needed water and nutrients to go back into the capillary and bloodstream. Tubular secretion is when waste products, and products from medication are secreted back into the filtrate in the tubules becoming urine and excreting. Water diffuses out of the descending limb of the loop of nephron as salt is actively transported out of the ascending limb; hypertonic environment where water is reabsorbed.
Osteoporosis is a common disease of the bones and is often silent until a fracture occurs, making screening important. It is characterized by low bone mass & increased bone fragility. Patients are susceptible to fractures from minor traumatic events such as coughing, rolling over in bed, walking, or falling.
Diabetes Mellitus type 2 results from a combination of resistance to insulin action and impairment in insulin secretion, producing hyperglycemia and related complications to many systems of the body. Diet and exercise greatly affects the risk of developing diabetes mellitus type 2.
Hypertension is a common condition in which the force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems, such as heart disease. Hypertension risk factors include age, being obese, not being physically active, using tobacco, to much salt in diet, to little vitamin D or potassium in diet, alcohol abuse, and stress.
The urinary system keeps the body in homeostasis by regulating the volume and the composition of blood. The kidneys act to filter out metabolic wastes, like urea, that are picked up by the bloodstream. The kidneys prevent the buildup of this waste by removing it from the body. The kidneys also help keep the pH of the blood right where it's supposed to be, which is about 7.4. They do this by controlling the rate of removal of hydrogen ions (H+), which are responsible for the acidity of fluids.
ADH is a hormone released from the pituitary gland, that affects the kidneys. It is negative feedback system. The hormone affects the permeability of the collecting duct, varying the amounts of water reabsorbed into the blood so that urine volume and concentration change.
The regulation of acid-base balance in the kidneys occurs primarily through the unique action of intercalated cells in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.