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chapter 16 (16.2 (proteins associated with DNA reparation (nucleotide…

- - - - helicase, always the hoe, unzips the genes
      - primerase, makes some RNA based off unzipped DNA
      - Topoisomerase, moral support for DNA not getting unzipped so it doesn't feel bad :(
      - single strand binding proteins keep the unzipped strands stable so they don't break
      - DNA polymerase, starts synthesizing the formation of new DNA by adding new nucleotides
- - - - nitrogenous base:
        
        adenine
        
        thymine
        
        guanine
        
        cytosine
      - phosphate group
      - ribose, covalent bond to phosphate
  - - - double helix shape
        
        anti-parallel, sub-units run opposite of each other
        
        3‘ - ACGTAAGCGGTTAAT - 5‘
        
        5‘ - TGCATTCGCCAATTA - 3‘
        
        G to C and A to T
- - - - starts as the folding of nucleosomes
      - looped domain: looped proteins that are attached to the scaffolding of the chromatid
      - metaphase chromosome is then made up of the scaffolding
- - - - tRNA has a specific amino on one end and has a nucleotide triplet at the other, allowing for the formation of a 3D shape by folding back on itself
  - - - site P , holds the tRNA carrying the growing
        polypeptide chain
      - site A, holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be
        added to the chain
      - site E is where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome
  - - - amino acids are added to the c-terminus site, which requires several elongation factor proteins
      - this requires the hydolysis of GTP and for the translocation step
      - it moves 5 to 3
    - - once a codon reaches the A site of RNA it is told to stop
      - a protein binds to the stop codon and forms a water molecule to breaks the polypeptide and the tRNA
    - - codon initiates start, establishing reading frame for mRNA
      - subunit of a ribosome attaches to mRNA and tRNA to move to methionine
      - a subunit then binds to the 5 cap of the mRNA and moves down stream scanning and finds the start codon
      - hydrolysis of GTP molecule to form initiation complex
    - - polypeptides start out in the cytosol
        
        signal peptide move peptides to the ER
        
        escorted there by signal recognition particle, moves by vesicle
        
        polysomes, strands of mRNA with trails of ribosomes on them
- - - - RNA is single stranded
      - some of the nitrogenous bases serve as functional groups
      - it can hydrobond adding to its ability to catalyze activity
- - - - RNA polymerase, pries the strand apart and integrates itself with the DNA based on its code direction, 5 to 3
        
        the site this happens at is called the promoter
        
        it is "up stream" from the transcription unit which is where the RNA is transcribed into a molecule
    - - polymere binding
        
        polymere binds to the promoter and the DNA strand unwinds
        
        transcription factors mediate the binding ensuring it is the correct promoter, then RNA polymerease can bind properly
        
        transcription initiation complex is where it takes place
        
        A TATA box forms the initiation complex at the site of the promoter
      - elongation of RNA
        
        RNA polymerase moves along the strand and unwinds the DNA while the RNA connects to the exposed basepairs
        
        then the RNA polymerase winds the DNA back up
      - termination
        
        RNA polymerase II transcribes a sequence called polyadenylation
        signal sequence
        
        it then binds to certain enzymes
        
        they then cut the DNA in their locations to free the RNA polymerase from the transcript