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61 year old male piano teacher with long history of alcohol abuse is…

- - - - performs higher functions:
        
        interpreting touch, vision
        
        speech & hearing
        
        emotions
        
        learning
        
        fine control movement
      - left hemisphere: Dominant
        
        responsible for language & Speech
    - - Grey matter
        
        beneath cortex: White matter
        
        Gyrus: (folds)
        
        Sulcus: (grooves)
        
        Pathways called white matter tracts connect areas of the cortex to each other
        
        Deep structures:
        
        Messages can travel from one gyrus to another
        
        from one lobe to another, from one side of the brain to the other
        
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  - - - function:
        
        coordinate muscle movements
        
        maintain posture & balance
    - - acts as a relay center connecting cerebrum & cerebellum to spinal cord
        
        automatic functions such as:
        
        breathing & heart rate
        
        body temperature
        
        wake and sleep cycles
        
        digestion
        
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      - Frontal Lobe:
  - - - Personality, behavior, emotions
        
        Body movement (motor strip)
        
        Intelligence, concentration, self awareness
        
        Judgment, planning, problem solving
        
        Speech: speaking and writing (Broca’s area)
      - Broca's Area
        
        left frontal lobe
        
        If damaged: may have difficulty moving the tongue or facial muscles to produce the sounds of speech
        
        can still read and understand spoken language but has difficulty in speaking and writing
    - - interprets language, words
        
        Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip)
        
        Interprets signals from vision, hearing
        
        motor, sensory, &memory
        
        Spatial and visual perception
    - - Interprets vision (color, light, movement)
    - - Understanding language (Wernicke’s area)
        
        hearing
        
        memory
        
        Sequencing and organization
      - Wernicke's area:
        
        left temporal lobe
        
        individual may speak in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary words, and even create new words.
- - - - controlling behaviors such as:
        
        Hunger, thirst
        
        sleep, sexual response
        
        regulates body temperature
        
        blood pressure
        
        emotions & secretion of hormones
  - - - called sulla turcica
        
        connected to the hypothalamus
        
        “master gland"
        
        controls other endocrine glands in the body
        
        secretes hormones that control sexual development
        
        promote bone and muscle growth
        
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    - - located behind the third ventricle.
        
        helps regulate the body’s internal clock
        
        circadian rhythms
        
        by secreting melatonin
        
        It has some role in sexual development
      - Thalamus
        
        serves as a relay station
        
        information that comes and goes to the cortex
        
        role in pain sensation
        
        attention
        
        alertness
        
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        Basal ganglia
        
        caudate, putamen & globus pallidus
        
        nuclei work with the cerebellum
        
        to coordinate fine motions
        
        such as: fingertip movements
        
        Limbic system
        
        center of our emotions, learning, & memory.
        
        included in system:
        
        cingulate gyri
        
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- - - - temporal lobe
    - - cerebellum
        
        relays information to the basal ganglia
- - - - Pia mater
- - - - axon
        
        synapse
        
        neuro transmitters
        
        receptors
- - - - vertebral arteries
        
        supply the cerebellum, brainstem
        
        & underside of cerebrum
      - supply most of the cerebrum.
  - - - middle cerebral
        
        anterior cerebral
        
        ophthalmic
        
        posterior communicating
        
        basilar
        
        external carotid
        
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- - - - Liver damage
        
        stop the liver from making substances that help your blood to clot
        
        increase your risk of having a stroke caused by bleeding in your brain.
        
        Atrial Fibrillation
        
        dehydration
        
        depression
- - - - speech problems
        
        emotional difficulties
        
        daily living problems, and pain.
- - - - high blood pressure
        
        high cholesterol
        
        diabetes
        
        smoking
        
        drug use
- - - - sight
    - - oculomotor
        
        moves eye, pupil
      - IV
        
        trochlear
        
        moves eye
        
        V
        
        trigeminal
        
        face sensation
        
        VI
        
        abducens
        
        moves eye
        
        VII
        
        facial
        
        moves face, salivate
        
        VIII
        
        vestibulocochlear
        
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        IX
        
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- - - - may not be able to lay piano again
        
        speech and body movement may stay the same if too much damage was done to brain