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61 year old Suffering a Stroke (Cranial Nerves (Vagus X (Functions (taste,…
61 year old Suffering a Stroke
Anatomy of Brain
Cerebrum
Left and right Cerebral Hemispheres
Left
controls speech
comprehension
writing
controls the opposite sides of the body
joined by a bundle of fibers
Corpus Callosum
allows information to be passed from one side to the other
Right
musical skills
creativity
artistic
internal structures
Gray Matter
short non-myelinated neurons
darker color than white
neuron cell bodies
White Matter
myelinated Axons
White in color
lipid-rich myelin insulating the axon
4 Lobes
Frontal
decision-making
concentration
personality
Motor control of skeletal muscle
verbal communication
Parietal
sensory/touch
expression of emotion
Temporal
understanding speech
interpretation and storage of sound/smell
Occipital
visual interpretations
Function
consciousness
intellectual function
thought , memory , judgment
ridges of tissue
gyri or gyrus
shallow groves
Sulci or sulcus
deeper grooves
fissures
Ventricles
Lateral Ventricles
deep within each cerebral hemisphere
large c-shape chambers
reflect cerebral growth
separated by Septum Pellucidum
Interventricular Foramen
small opening between each lateral and third ventricles
drains cerebrospinal fluid
houses choroid Plexi
Third Ventricles
located in the center of the brain
chamber surrounding the thalamus
Cerebral aqueduct
passageway between the third and fourth ventricles
contains cerebrospinal fluid
houses choroid plexus
produces cerebrospinal fluid
Fourth Ventricles
houses cerebrospinal fluid
occupies the space between pons and medulla
continues into the central canal of the spinal cord inferiorly
Central Canal
runs through the medulla oblogonta and into the spinal cord
contains cerebrospinal fluid
3 Meninges
1.Dura Mater
outermost
"Though Mother"
anchored to cranium
protects the brain
2.Arachnoid Mater
Middle tissue layer
thin web-like membrane that covers the entire brain
"spider Mother"
loose sac around CNS
subdural space
space between the dura and arachnoid
3.Pia Matter
Innermost tissue layer
"Gentle Mother"
delicate
contains many blood vessels
subarachnoid space
space between the arachnoid and Pia
cerebrospinal fluid
bathes and cushions the brain
Spinal Tap
in order to obtain sample of CSF
Characteristics
cover and protect the CNS
contains Cerebrospinal Fluid
protects blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses
Epidural
"On Top of Dura"
for anesthesia
Cerebellum
Function
maintain equilibrium and posture
coordinate muscle movements
stores memories of movement patterns
EX: someone playing the piano
arbor vitae
white matter deep within
branching tree
Folia
increases surface area
transversely oriented pleat-like gyri on the surface
Brainstem
Autonomic function
control of respiration
heart rate
blood pressure
wakefullness
Regions
Pons
relays messages
between the cortex and cerebellum
key Role for REM sleep
Mid Brain
vision and hearing
Medulla Oblogonta
Vital Reflex Center
cardiac
respiratory
vasomotor
cells of the Brain
glial cells
maintains homeostasis
provides support and nutrition
form myelin
Neurons
responsible for sending and receiving nerve impulses and signals
Diencephalon
Thalamus
collects all sensory information before sending to the cerebrum
Hypothalamus
regulates homeostasis
In charged of
Autonomic NS
Endocrine system
Pituitary Gland
produces many hormones
controlled by hypothalamus
Pineal Gland
Produces melatonin
regulates sleep-wake cycles
Limbic System
Hippocampus
converts new information into Long-Term Memory
Amygdala
intense emotions
fear
anxiety
emotion
Mamimallary body
pea-like structure
relay station in olfactory pathway
Function
emotions and expression
Pre-Frontal Cortex
doesn't develop until approximately at 25 years old
it's the last part of the brain to fully develop
Responsible for..
judgment
forethought
learning from mistakes
focus/attention
impulse control
effects of alcohol in brain
blocks chemical signals between neurons
causes
impulsive behavior
Heavy/chronic drinkers
effects cognitive ability
diminishes gray matter in the brain
inability to think abstractly
memory loss
Damages the hippocampus
long-term effects
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
confused mental state
impaired muscle coordinaation
problems with memory and learning abilities
paralysis of eye nerves
hallucinations
can cause permanent brain damage
lead to shrinkage of the brain
alcohol moves through the blood-brain barrier
affects the brain's neurons
damages and kills neurons
Stroke
Symptoms
Numbness or weakness
on one side of the body
slurred speech or dysarthria
trouble speaking or understanding speech
Trouble seeing
double vision
imbalanced
dizziness
Severe headache
with no known cause
Outcomes
brain damage
death
long-term disability
high risk of having a stroke
high blood pressure
Diabetes
doubles the risk
overweight
Atrial fibrillation
irregular heart beat
Excessive drinking
high cholesterol
smoking
due to...
blocked blood vessel
bleeding in the brain
Recovery Treatment
Speech Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Physical Therapy
Relearn sensory skils
different types of stroke
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Warning or ministroke
temporarily blocks blood flow
for a short period of Time
Ischemic stroke
can be due to Atherosclerosis
buildup of fatty deposits on the inner lining of a blood vessel
keeps blood from flowing through the brain
can be embolic
Atrial Fibrillation
won't go away without treatment
Thrombotic Stroke
clot forming in a blood vessel in your brain
Cranial Nerves
Olfactory Nerve I
SENSORY
transmits info to the brain regarding a person's sense of smell
Optic Nerve II
transmits info to the brain regarding a person's vision.
passes through the optic canals
converge at the optic chiasm
SENSORY
Oculomotor III
Functions
constricts the iris
raising the eyes-lids
controls lens shape
MOTOR
helps control muscle movements of the eyes.
Trochlear IV
MOTOR
Innervates the superior oblique muscle
helps eye move inward and outward
Involved in eye movement
Trigeminal V
BOTH ( Sensory and Motor)
touch , taste , mastication
Vagus X
BOTH (Sensory and Motor)
ONLY cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and neck
Functions
taste
cardiac
gut
Parasymphatetic
heart
lungs
Visceral organs
rest and digest
Sensory
provides sensation to the outer part of the ear, the throat, the heart, abdominal organs
Motor
rovides movement to the throat and soft palate
Hypoglossal XII
MOTOR
supplies the tongue muscles
contributes to swallowing and speech
innervates both extrinsic and intrinstic
originates in the medulla
Accessory XI
MOTOR
Provides function to neck muscles
Sternocleidomastoid and Trapezius
allows rotate, extend and flex the neck and shoulders
separates into cranial and spinal parts
Abducens VI
helps control eye movements
MOTOR
Facial VII
BOTH ( Sensory and Motor )
facial expression, taste, salivation
Vestibulocochlear VIII
hearing and balance
SENSORY
Two Divisions
Cochlear (hearing)
helps with hearing
Vestibular (balance)
helps the body sense changes in the position of the head with regard to gravity
Glossopharyngeal IX
BOTH ( Sensory and Motor)
motor
rovides movement to the stylopharyngeus, which is a muscle that allows the throat to shorten and widen
sensory
receives info from the throat, tonsils, middle ear, and back of the tongue
Use the FAST Method
FACE
face droops on one side
ARMS
weakness
difficulty raising both arms
SPEECH
slurred speech
TIME
Call 9-1-1 if notice any of these symptoms
directly
Clot
brain doesn't get the blood and oxygen it needs
Burst blood vessel
alcohol abuse
increase blood pressure
major risk factor for a stroke
trigger atrial fibrillation
ischemic stroke
patients recovery
Range-of-motion Therapy
to regain little mobility
speech therapy
relearn to speak
due to age it will be harder
recovering can be a long and frustrating
if keeps consuming alcohol
conditions will worsen
risk of having another stroke
death
it takes about 12- 18 months to recover
will definitely have to STOP drinking
immediate effect
numbness/ paralysis on one side of the body
slurring your words
face feels funny
half the brain goes offline