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DNA (RNA PROCESSING (introns -
the noncoding segments of
nucleic acid…
DNA
RNA PROCESSING
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splicosomes -
a complex of proteins and
small RNAs. Removes introns, joining
together exons
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TRANSCRIPTION
First stage of gene expression, occurs in nucleus
initiation
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RNA polymerase -
pries apart two strands of DNA, will only
happen after transcription factors
are attached to promoter
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TRANSLATION
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elongation cycle
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peptide bond formation -
remove polypeptide from tRNA
in P site and attaches it to the amino
acid on tRNA in A site
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occurs at ribosomes,
genetic information flows
from mRNA to protein
termination
When ribosome reaches
a stop codon, a protein called a
"release factor" is accepted
The release factor helps break
bond between tRNA and P site, freeing
polypeptide from the ribosome
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DNA, CHROMATIN, CHROMOSOMES
Chromatin:
DNA wrapped around proteins
called histones. A mass of long, thin fibers.
Not clearly visible at this stage
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DNA MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
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rope ladder construction
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rigid rungs = nitrogenous bases
A paired with T, G with C
DNA PROTEINS
repair
DNA polymerase -
when a nucleotide pairs incorrectly,
this removes it and resumes synthesis
nucleotide excision repair -
nuclease cuts out damages section, and
DNA polymerase and DNA ligase fill in the gap
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replication
initiating proteins -
attach at the origin of replication
and begin separating the two strands,
creating a "replication bubble"
helicase -
enzymes that untwist the double
helix at the y-shaped replication fork
at the end of the "bubble
single-strand
binding proteins -
binds to the now unpaired strands
of DNA (created by helicase)and
keeps them from reforming
topoisomerase -
helps relieve strain further down the helix
by breaking, swiveling and rejoining strands
DNA polymerase III and I -
begin the synthesis of new DNA by
adding nucleotides to the end of pre-existing chain
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