Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Flowers and Reproduction (Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination…
Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
fragmentation
individual parts of a plant establish adventitious roots
Sexual Reproduction
Life cycle: Alternation of heteromorphic generations
sporophyte phase/generation
diploid
spores
haploid
fertilization/syngamy
gametophyte
haploid plant
microgametophyte
male
microspores
megagametophyte
female
megaspores
Flower Structure
pedicel
flower stalk
receptacle
where everything is attached
floral appendages
sepals
lowermost/outermost appendages
together called calyx
petals
together are called corolla
sepals + petals = perianth
stamens
together are called androecium
2 parts
filament (stalk)
anther (pollen produced here)
microsporocyte/ microspore mother
tapetum
act as nurse cells
pollen
microspore tetrad
carpels
gynoecium
highest level on receptacle
three main parts
stigma
catches pollen grains
style
elevates stigma
ovary
produces megaspores
placentae
ovules
nucellus
integuments
micropyle
megasporocyte/mother cell
Has all four: complete flower
lacking one or two: incomplete flower
Gametophytes
microgametophytes
#
generative/vegetative cell
pollen tube
megagametophytes
aka embryo sac
Seven cells
one large central cell
polar nuclei
3 small antipodal cells
egg apparatus
two syntergids
egg (megagamete)
Fertilization
plasmogamy
syngamy of sperm and egg
karyogamy
endosperm nucleus: triploid
double fertilization
endosperm
Embryo and Seed Development
suspensor
pushes embryo into endosperm
cotyledons
axis
radicle
epicotyl
hypocotyl
albuminous or exalbuminous
seed coat (testa)
Fruit Development
exocarp
mesocarp
endocarp
pericarp
Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination
Pollination
Cross-pollination
via different individual
Self-pollination
via same plant
Stamen and Style Maturation
matters for self fertilzation
Stigma and pollen incompatibility
compatibility barriers
Monoecious and Dioecious Species
essental organs
stamens and carpels
imperfect flowers
#
lack at least one essential organ
dioecy
produce only carpellate flowers
monoecy
produce only staminate flowers
perfect flowers
have both essential organs
nonessential organs
sepals and petals
Animal pollinated flowers
coevolution
actinomorphic/ regular flowers
zygomorphic: only one way to do it
Wind pollinated flowers
Ovary position
inferior ovary/ epigynous
superior ovary/ hypogynous
half-inferior/ perigynous
Inflorescences and Pollination
inflorescence: when many flowers are grouped together
2 basic arrangements
determinate inflorescence
indeterminate inflorescence
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits
#
true fruit
contains only ovary tissue
accessory fruit
nonovarian tissue present
simple fruit
single or fused ovary of 1 flower
aggregate fruit
carpels of 1 gymnoecium fuse
multiple fruit
fruits of an inflorescence fuse into 1 fruit
Classification of fruit types
dry vs fleshy
dehiscent vs indehiscent
seed release
parent sporophyte gives nourishment
imperfect flowers are incomplete flowers
