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Chapter 23 Lecture 1 (Bacterial Gastroenteritis (General features (Some…

- - - - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite and cramps
      - Some cases infection spreads, and causes kidney failure
  - - - Caused by four species of Shigella
      - Virulence factors include type III secretion systems and enterotoxins from all four species.
    - - Pathogen colonizes cells of the small and large intestine
    - - Diagnosed by symptoms and presence of Shigella in stool
      - Supportive treatment and administration of antimicrobials
  - - - Caused by Escherichia coli
      - Virulence factors: adhesins, fimbriae, and toxins
    - - Diarrhea facilitated by enterotoxins
      - Common in developing countries
    - - Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms
      - Treatment is based on fluid and electrolyte replacement
        
        Antidiarrheal drugs prolong the symptoms by delaying the expulsion of the bacterium from the digestive tract. Avoid dairy as it can aggravate the symptoms
- - - - Appears as holes or pits in the teeth
      - Initially painless as develop toothaches occur
    - - Gums that are swollen, tender, bright red, or bleeding
  - - - Dextran ( insoluble sticky slime) and fimbriae (adhesion factor) allow biofilm formation (plaque)on teeth
      - Plaque on teeth may be more than 500 bacterial cells thick and contain nearly 10 billion bacteria
      - Ferment sugars to acid which dissolves tooth enamel and allows bacterial invaision of the dentin and pulp inside the tooth
    - - Tarter- (hard deposits form when calcium salts mineralize the plaque) when tarter is trapped at the base of the teeth it triggers gingivitis
      - Proteases break down gingival tissue
- - - - Gram- bacteria highly motile
    - - Flagella enable burrowing through stomach lining
      - Adhesins facilitate attachment to gastric cells
      - Urease neutralizes stomach acid
  - - - Fecal-oral transmission is likely when colonization of the stomach occurs
      - Fecal-oral path in human or cat feces on hands, in well water, or on fomites infects humans
      - Risk factors- ASA, ibuprofen or NSAIDS, excessive ETOH consumption; cigarettes or using other tobacco products, a family hx of ulcers.
      - Stress may worsen ulcer symptoms but does not cause an ulcer
- - - - Processes foods into nutrients, absorbs the nutrients and water into the blood and then eliminates what the body does not need (wastes)
      - The pathway from the mouth to the anus
      - Most organs of the GI tract are protected by the peritoneum
    - - Organs involved in grinding food or providing digestive secretions