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Hallmarks of aging (Hallmarks of cancer (Evasion of apoptosis, Avoiding…
Hallmarks of aging
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Metastasis cascade
- Passage trough ECM (extra cellular matrix). An active process
- Loosening up of tumor cell interactions. The function of E-cadherin is lost in many tumor cells
- Degradation of ECM. secretion of proteolytic enzymes
- Attachment to modified ECM components
- Further invasion by movement through the matrix
- Intravasation (entry into the blood of lymph vessels)
- Adhesion to and invasion of basement membrane
- Movement through the circulation. Interaction with lymphoid cells and formation of tumor embolism
- Adhesion to basement membrane and extravasation
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Normal cell cycle
M-phase
Mitosis
Third checkpoint: (metaphase-to-anaphase) Are all chromosomes attached to the spindle? No: Inhibition of APC activation delays exit from mitosis
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Interphase
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G2 phase
second checkpoint: Is the DNA replicated and the environment favourable. No: Inhibition of activation cdc25 blocks entry mitosis
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Causation of Cancer
Genes involved
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Proteins from oncogenes
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Myc proteins stimulate cell growth, activity and survival. A mutation leads to uncontrolled cell growth
Ras protein leads to the transcription of cell growth proteins (CDK and cyclin). A mutation keeps the cell in the cell cycle
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Environmental influences like viruses, lifestyle and Environmental carcinogens (UV light)
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