Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

industrial sector and policy, liberalisation (disinvestment(di) (support…

- - - - government owns most of the assets
      - aim
        
        not just profit driven
      - types of central public sector enterprises
        
        maharatna
        
        these are
        
        non energy
        
        SAIL
        
        BHEL
        
        energy
        
        GAIL - gas
        
        IOC - oil
        
        NTPC - electricity
        
        ONGC - oil and gas
        
        coal india
        
        criteria (all imp)
        
        already having navratna status
        
        listed on i stock exchange
        
        avg turnover of last 3 years = 25000 crores
        
        avg net worth of last 3 years = 15000 crores
        
        significant international operations
        
        navratna
        
        miniratna
    - - aka citizen sector
  - - - unorganised sector
        
        meaning
        
        so they generally are out of purview of govt acts
        
        enterprises not registered with the govt
      - organised sector
        
        meaning
        
        hence no. of acts apply to these
        
        enterprises registered with the govt
    - - formal sector
      - informal sector
- - - - resource owned by someone in expectation of future benefit
    - - sales - expenditures
    - - total sales
    - - value of assets - liabilities
    - - profit - tax - interests paid
- - - - natural gas
      - coal
      - crude oil
        
        india imports 80% of its oil requirements
    - - cement
      - electricity
      - fertilizers
      - steel
      - refinery products
- - - - ie, in declining phase
- - - - licence raj
      - restrictions on foreign trade - decreases competitiveness
      - lack of skilled labour
      - delay in land acquisition and environmental clearances
      - import of cheap manufactured goods
      - lack of measures to promote private industry
- - - - dilution of govt stake to the extent of transferring control/ownership mostly to private sector
  - - - why PSUs have poor management
        
        trade unionism
        
        tool for political parties - halting PSU projects
        
        lethargic work culture
      - how
        
        tech up-gradation
        
        accountability mechanisms
        
        efficient management practices
        
        capital infusion
  - - - efficiency depends on
        
        transparency of di process
        
        effective regulator
      - di may lead to monopoly
  - - - dep of investment and public asset management
      - under MoF
- - - - recycling s requires 56% less energy than producing from iron ore
      - 58% lesser CO2 emissions
- - - - starting a business
- - - - SAFTA
        
        south asia FTA
        
        came in force in 2006
      - AIFTA
        
        ASEAN i FTA
        
        created in 2003
        
        FTA in goods - came in force in 2010
        
        FTA in services & investment - came in force in 2015
      - CEPA
        
        comprehensive eco partnership agreement
        
        i-korea
        
        i-japan
    - - additional market access - esp in service sector
        
        ICT services
        
        healthcare
        
        edu
      - price competitiveness
      - employment generation
      - inter-sectoral linkages
      - global value chain
      - supports WTO trade liberalisation
    - - growing trade deficit with FTA partners
        
        S korea
        
        2009-10 - 8 billion $
        
        2018-19 - 22 billion $
    - - what
        
        regional eco comprehensive partnership
        
        earlier - 16 countries to enter into FTA (in feb 2020)
        
        now - i pulled out, 15 remaining
      - why/reasons
        
        china factor
        
        china wants 0 tariff for > 90% tariff lines
        
        low cost chinese goods detrimental to locally manufactured goods
        
        esp - steel, aluminium, copper, pharmaceuticals, textiles, farm & dairy sector
        
        members opposing i's strict 'rules of origin'(to counter china)
        
        improper standards of imports
        
        eg: near absence of quality norms for import of processed food products from ASEAN countires
      - +es of joining RCEP
        
        above general points
        
        specific
        
        comparative advantage in service sector
        
        boost act east policy
        
        enhance strategic & economic status in asia pacific region
  - - - measures taken by govt in 2019-20 to boost e
        
        e finance
        
        e subsidies(s)
        
        schemes
        
        Scheme for Remission of Duties & Taxes on Export Product to replace Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS, introduced in FTP, 2015)
        
        It will provide more incentives to the exporters than existing schemes put together
        
        issues
        
        WTO ruling against indian s
        
        as per WTO's agreement on SCM
        
        2 more items...
        
        meaning
        
        foreign trade policies that
        
        encourage export
        
        discourage sale in domestic market
        
        through/ways
        
        direct payments
        
        low cost loan
        
        tax relief for exporter
        
        govt financed international advertising
        
        rationale/reasons
        
        boost domestic manufacturing
        
        protect infant industry
        
        for dev countries with high labour wage - make goods competitive
        
        support to LDCs with low prodn - s represent income transfers from subsidising country to consumers in the importing
        countries
        
        to counter dumping
        
        automated electronic refund for exporters
        
        expansion of export credit insurance scheme
        
        PSL norms revised to increase credit availability in export sector
        
        export facilitation
        
        digitisation of services
        
        to reduce 'turn around time'
        
        online 'origin management system'
        
        for exporters to obtain certificate of origin
        
        launched by Directorate General of Foreign Trade
      - govt institutions
        
        Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India
        
        aim
        
        promote exports from the country by providing credit risk insurance and related services
        
        owner
        
        wholly owned by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
        
        schemes
        
        Export Credit Insurance Scheme (ECIS)
        
        aka NIRVIK scheme
        
        insures 90% of credit/loan taken by exporter
        
        Directorate General of Foreign Trade
        
        agency of
        
        Ministry of Commerce and Industry
        
        responsible
        
        execution of the import and export Policies of India
        
        administering laws regarding foreign trade and foreign investment in India
  - - - SCM
        
        s & countervailing measures - country to
        
        use dispute settlement procedure to seek withdrawal of s
        
        investigate itself & charge extra duty (CVD or ADD)
      - S&DT
        
        special and differential treatment
        
        for developing countries - longer period to implement agreements