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Ch. 9 Flowers and Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction (flower structure…

- - - - very different
      - new individuals
        
        genetic difference
      - offspring identical
        
        genetically
    - - sexual
      - asexual #
  - - - increased survival
    - - increased survival
    - - several lifetimes
      - asexual reproduction
        
        budding
        
        runners
    - - sexual reproduction
  - - - fruits
      - produced sexually
      - long-distance dispersal
      - many produced
  - - - some well adapted
    - - cells must move
        
        one plant to another
      - two individuals required
- - - - asexual reproduction
      - most common
        
        fragmentation
  - - - self-sufficient
      - adventitious roots
    - - ends separate
        
        act as individuals
- - - - simple
      - diploid adults
        
        produce haploid cells
        
        gametes
        
        eggs
        
        females
        
        sperm
        
        males
        
        by meiosis
      - one sperm, one egg
        
        new diploid cell
        
        zygote
        
        fertilized egg
    - - more complex
      - sporophyte phase
        
        aka sporophyte generation
        
        includes
        
        trees
        
        shrubs
        
        herbs
      - sporophytes
        
        always diploid
        
        have organs
        
        in flowers of angiosperms
        
        capable of
        
        meiosis
        
        results in
        
        haploid spores
      - spores vs gametes
        
        gametes
        
        fuse with other gametes
        
        syngamy
        
        aka
        
        fertilization
        
        diploid zygote
        
        mammals
        
        two types
        
        sperm
        
        microgametes
        
        swim
        
        eggs
        
        megagametes
        
        spores
        
        no syngamy
        
        mitosis
        
        new haploid plant
        
        gamteophyte
        
        gametophytes
        
        oogamy
        
        two cells types
        
        male
        
        microgametophytes
        
        female
        
        megagametophytes
        
        develop from
        
        microspores
        
        megaspores
        
        heterospory
    - - two generations
        
        gametophyte
        
        sporophyte
        
        heteromorphic generations
        
        complex
        
        no human equivalent
  - - - flower
        
        stem
        
        leaf-like structures
        
        with
        
        characteristics
        
        never woody
        
        no secondary growth
      - flower parts
        
        stalk
        
        pedicel
        
        receptacle
      - floral appendages
        
        petals
        
        stamens
        
        sepals
        
        carpels
        
        complete flowers
        
        have all types
        
        most flowers
        
        incomplete powers
        
        lacks appendages
        
        one or more
    - - above sepals
      - on receptacle
      - sepal and petal
        
        corolla
        
        perianth
      - leaf-like
      - attract correct pollinators
        
        distinctive
        
        shape
        
        color
        
        pigments
        
        size
        
        arrangement
    - - appendage
        
        lowest appendage
        
        outermost appendage
        
        thickest
        
        roughest
        
        waxiest
      - modified leaves
      - surround/enclose
        
        other flower parts
        
        as they mature
      - protect flower bud
      - calyx
        
        all sepals together
    - - above petals
      - collectively
        
        androecium
      - "male" part
        
        not male
        
        produce pollen
      - two parts
        
        filament
        
        anther
        
        diploid cells
      - microspore mother cells
        
        aka microsporocytes
      - tapetum
        
        nurse cells
        
        neighbor anther
      - pollen
    - - constitute gynoecium
      - highest level of receptacle
      - three parts
        
        ovary
        
        megaspores produced
        
        placentae
        
        have ovules
        
        have nucellus
        
        ovule
        
        to seed
        
        ovary
        
        fruit
        
        style
        
        elevates stigma
        
        stigma
        
        catches pollen
      - megaspore mother cells
        
        aka megasporocytes
  - - - from microspores
      - very small/simple
      - divides mitotically
        
        produces
        
        vegetative cell
        
        generative cell
        
        two sperm cells
      - pollen grain
        
        lands on stigma
        
        germinates
        
        produces pollen tubes
    - - from megaspore
      - multinucleate megagametophyte
        
        embryo sac
        
        seven cells
        
        aka central cell
        
        two polar nuclei
        
        three cells
        
        antipodal cells
        
        egg apparatus
        
        two synergids
        
        egg
  - - - karyogamy
        
        fusion of nuclei
      - plasmogamy
        
        fusion of protoplasts
    - - second sperm nucleus
        
        karyogamy
        
        endosperm nucleus
        
        divides rapidly
        
        mitosis
        
        active
        
        endosperm
        
        coconut
        
        grains
        
        triploid
        
        double fertilization
      - polar nuceli
  - - - embryo proper
      - suspensor
        
        stalk-like
        
        pushes embryo
        
        into endosperm
    - - farthest from suspensor
      - initiates into
        
        two colyledons
    - - embryo elongated
      - short axis
        
        three parts
        
        epicotyl
        
        hypocotyl
        
        radicle
    - - abundant
        
        albuminous seed
      - sparse
        
        exalbuminous seed
    - - surround nucleus
        
        mature
        
        expand
        
        turn into
        
        seed coat
        
        aka testa
  - - - three layers distinct
        
        mesocarp
        
        middle layer
        
        flesh
        
        endocarp
        
        inner layer
        
        tough or thin
        
        exocarp
        
        outer layer
        
        skin/peel
    - - pericarp
  - - - flowers
        
        necessary structures
        
        necessary cells
- - - - cross-pollination
        
        pollination of
        
        by
        
        pollen
        
        carpel
        
        from different individual
      - self-pollination
        
        pollination of
        
        carpel
        
        by
        
        pollen
        
        from same individual
        
        when
        
        plant isolated
        
        distance
        
        pollinators
        
        set seed/propagate
  - - - in flowers
      - both stamens and carpels
      - if
        
        anthers/stigmas
        
        mature at different times
      - not very effective
  - - - important crops
    - - inhibited by
        
        compatibility barriers
    - - chemical reaction
        
        between pollen
        
        and carpels
        
        prevents pollen growth
  - - - difference between
        
        flowers that lack
        
        sepals/petals
        
        flowers that lack
        
        stamen/carpels
    - - are essential organs
      - produce spores
      - if absent
        
        sexual reproduction
        
        affected
    - - imperfect
        
        no essential organs
      - perfect
        
        have essential organs
    - - nonessential organs
    - - monoecy
        
        and
        
        monoecious
      - dioecy
        
        and
        
        dioecious
  - - - evolutionary impact
    - - color
      - fragrance
      - nectar
    - - animal
        
        adapted for
        
        exploitation
      - plant
        
        adapted for
        
        visitation
    - - flowers
        
        radially symmetrical
        
        and actinomorphic
      - animals
        
        and now some flowers
        
        bilaterally symmetrical
        
        zygomorphic
  - - - than animal-pollinated
      - flowers
  - - - superior ovary
        
        other parts hypogynous
      - half-inferior ovary
        
        other parts perigynous
      - inferior ovary
        
        other parts epigynous
- - - - many flowers
        
        grouped together
      - collective visual signal
        
        for pollinators
      - one flower
        
        overlooked
        
        but many flowers
        
        seen
      - plant controls
        
        timing
        
        maturation
        
        opening
        
        initiation
        
        of flowers
      - two basic arrangements
        
        determinate arrangement
        
        limited growth potential
        
        indeterminate arrangement
- - - - true
        
        only ovarian tissue
      - accessory
        
        false fruit
        
        any ovarian tissue
        
        like
        
        apples
      - simple
        
        single ovary
        
        ovaries of one flower
        
        most common
      - multiple
        
        all fruits fuse
        
        of involescence
      - aggregate
        
        separate carpels
        
        one gynoecium
        
        fuse
  - - - dry
      - fleshy
    - - fruit opening
        
        indehiscent
        
        do not
        
        dehiscent
        
        break open/release
  - - - adaptations
        
        distribution
        
        of seeds
        
        protection
    - - gravity
      - wind
      - water
      - animals
    - - like
        
        heavy
        
        metabolically expensive
        
        maximum protection
        
        fragile fruit
        
        full of fibers/sclereids
        
        attractive/edible
        
        tough
        
        protected from consumption