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Flowers and Reproduction (Sexual reproduction (Fertilization …

- - - - identical copies of the parental genes
    - - genetically different
        
        survive better
        
        under some conditions
      - sexual reproduction
        
        sex cells of one plant
        
        combines w/ those of other
        
        may be one or more
        
        sex cells
        
        very small
        
        many can be produced by a single plant
      - under some conditions
        
        survive better
        
        those who are homogeneous
  - - - for examples
        
        strawberries are eaten
        
        seeds late defecated
  - - - no variability
      - progeny- affected by minor changes
    - - reproduce asexually
        
        even isolated ones can reproduce
        
        rapid colonization is possible
        
        by budding
        
        or sending out runners
        
        new similarly adapted individuals
- - - - form on roots
        
        and then grow into plants
      - may grow out
        
        even while the parent plant is still alive
  - - - most common fragmentation
        
        large spreading plant grows
        
        individual parts
        
        become sufficient
        
        by establishing adventitious roots
        
        if middle part dies
        
        end becomes separated
        
        act as individuals
        
        several meters
- - - - trees, shrubs, herbs
        
        one phase
      - Sporophyte
        
        always diploid
        
        have in flowers of angiosperms
        
        cells
        
        capable of undergoing meiosis
        
        produce haploid spores
        
        produces spores
        
        cannot undergo syngamy
        
        each undergo mitosis
        
        grows into entire new haploid plant cells
        
        Gametophyte
        
        plants that produces gametes
      - or sporophyte generation
  - - - fusion of protoplasts of gametes
    - - fusion of the nuclei
    - - through the style towards ovule
      - downward
        
        guided to the ovule's micropyle
  - - - zygote begins to grow
        
        small cluster of cells
        
        part becomes embryo proper
        
        other becomes a short stalk-like structure
        
        suspensor
        
        pushes embryo down the endosperm
      - by both nuclear and cellular division
      - co-enocytic stage never occurs in the embryo
  - - - stem w/ leaf- like structures
      - Sepal
        
        lowermost/ outermost
        
        modified leaves
        
        surround/ enclose other parts
        
        as they mature
        
        thickest, toughest, waxiest
      - Stalk
        
        very end is receptable
        
        pedicle
      - Petals
        
        above the sepals on the receptable
        
        leaf-like
        
        made up of corolla
        
        with sepals
        
        make up perianth
      - four types of floral appendages
        
        complete flowers
        
        have all four
        
        Incomplete flowers
        
        lack one or more of the basic appendages
        
        sepals, stamens, petals, carpels
      - never become woody
        
        no secondary growth
    - - within the ovule
        
        surviving megaspore develops
- - - - give a visual signal to pollinators
      - one small flower may be overlooked
        
        but hundreds are together (close)
  - - - either within a single year
      - or over a period of many years
      - example
        
        mountain ash or cherry tree
        
        produces thousands of flowers
        
        every year for over 100 years
- - - - by pollen of different individual
    - - pollinated by same flower
      - or by another flower on the same plant
    - - random mutation
      - genetic diversity
  - - - when stigma tissues are immature
    - - stigma may be near the base
      - anthers are at the top
        
        elevated by elongated filaments
  - - - Inhabitated by compatibility barriers
        
        Chemical reaction
        
        b/w pollen and carpals
        
        prevent pollen growth
  - - - or small cluster flowers
        
        attract animals
    - - attract animals
  - - - if either organ is absent
        
        sexual reproduction is affected
        
        imperfect flowers
      - stamens/carpals
      - if both present
        
        even if sepals/petals absent
        
        perfect flowers
      - produce critically important spores
    - - sepals/petals
        
        do not produce spores
- - - - fruits containing only ovarian tissue
    - - tissues of the fruits regardless of their origins
    - - any non-ovarian tissue is present
      - or false fruit
  - - - whether fruit is dry or fleshy
        
        dry fruit
        
        not typically eaten
        
        fleshy fruit
        
        eaten during natural distribution process
    - - emphasizes fruit opening
        
        dehiscent fruits
        
        break open/ releases seeds
        
        indehiscent fruits
        
        don't do the above