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COURSE MIND MAP: BOTANY # # # # # # # # # # # #, Respiration (Oxygen…

- - - - Bacteria
    - - Breakdown of glucose
      - Helps produce ATP
        
        Energy
  - - - Can do both when needed
    - - ATP
      - NADH
        
        Shuttle
        
        Malate- asperatate
        
        oxaloacetate to malate
        
        New NADH
        
        glycerol phosphate
        
        dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol phosphate
        
        FAD to FADH2
        
        Not as much energy conserved
- - - - produce NADPH
      - synthetic pathway
      - source of respiratory energy
- - - - higher oxygen higher RQ
      - lower oxygen lower RQ
- - - - Milk
    - - yeast
        
        distillation
        
        beer: S. uvarum
        
        wine: S. cerevisiae
    - - Breads
- - - - Hydrogen Respiration
        
        Electron donors
        
        oxidation
        
        ETC
        
        ATP
        
        Electron acceptors
        
        reduction
        
        nitrate
- - - - bundle
    - - some cells come out of cell cycle arrest and resume mitosis
  - - - when cells divide longitudinally
      - perpendicular to the cambiums surface
  - - - many regular horizontal rows
    - - irregularly without a horizontal pattern
- - - - also called phellem cell
    - - layers of cork cells and phelloderm
      - offers only temporary protection
  - - - interfering with respiration
- - - - from fusiform initials
    - - from ray initials
  - - - spring wood
      - first wood formed
      - high proportions of wide vessels
    - - summer wood
      - lower portion of vessels
    - - easy to see early and late wood
    - - same as annual ring
  - - - heartwood
      - drier
      - more fragrant
    - - sapwood
      - moister
      - outer region
    - - plug in vessels
      - created by parenchyma cells adjacent to vessels push bubbles of protoplasm through the pits of the cells
- - - - a form of primary growth
- - - - do not allow anything to pass through
      - occur as isolation barriers
    - - allow only certain particles to pass through
      - includes all lipid/ protein cell membranes
    - - allow all solutes to to diffuse through them
      - have little biological significance
- - - - leptoids
        
        typically in species that also have hydroids
        
        cells that resemble sieve cells
      - hydroids
        
        elongated cells that loose their cytoplasm when mature
        
        conduct water and dissolve minerals
    - - growth of gametophore
        
        begins when a spore germinates and sends out a long slender chlorophyllous cell
        
        this cell undergoes mitosis and produces a branched system of similar cells
        
        this entire network is called a protonema
    - - species in particularly wet areas are more open and loose
      - Scouleria gametophores grow as ribbon up to 15 cm long submerged in rapidly flowing water #
      - many mosses grow in tightly pressed dense mounds
      - all mosses have stem leaves
      - gametophores
      - grow from apical meristem
    - - all mosses are oogamous
        
        every species has a biflagellate sperm cells and large non motile egg cells
        
        antherida #
        
        where sperm is produced
        
        short stalk outermost layer of sterile cells
        
        archegonia
        
        where eggs are located
        
        each is shaped like a vase with a long neckl
- - - - bryophyta
    - - anthocerotophyta
    - - hepatophyta
- - - - this order contains the grass family POACEAE as well as several other familiar familiar groups
      - include most foods
        
        wheat
        
        sugar cane #
        
        rye
        
        corn
        
        barley
        
        oats
        
        rice
    - - this order contains some of the most familiar house plants #
        
        canna lillies
        
        gingers
        
        banana
        
        birds of paradise
    - - this order contains the palms
      - 3500 species
      - easily recognizable by their solitary trunk
  - - - septa
    - - when septa do not fuse all the way up to the style and the open areas secret nectar
- - - - betalains
        
        water soluble pigments produced by cayoophyllaes
      - perisperm
        
        form of nutritive tissue that surrounds developing embryo
      - anthocyanin pigments
        
        pigments in almost all other flowering plants' flowers
    - - small order
      - highly modified
      - most are parasitic #
      - example: sandlewood family
  - - - 1- sympetalous flowers
        
        petals are fused together into a tube
      - 2- always have just a few stamen not more than the number of petal lobes
      - 3- stamens alternate with petals
  - - - vegatative body
      - flowers
      - chemistry
      - ecology
    - - fabids
        
        or eurosids I
      - malvids
        
        or eurosids II
- - - - Energy source: sunlight
      - Site: chloroplast
    - - Energy source: reactions not involving O2
      - Site: Cytosol
    - - Energy source: oxidations with O2
      - Site: Mitochondria
  - - - Electrons are added to an atom
    - - Atom doesn’t carry as many electrons as it could
  - - - Small protein, contains Heme which holds an iron atom that carries electrons
    - - Small protein, carries electrons on a metal atom
    - - Transport electrons over short distances in a membrane
- - - - Light is one small part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum
        
        Radiation
        
        Quanta: plural
        Quantum: singular
        Photons: set of waves
        
        Various types of radiation differ in their wavelengths
        
        Ultraviolet
        
        Infrared
        
        X-rays
        
        Radio waves
        
        Gamma rays
        
        Color spectrum
    - - Any material that absorbs certain wavelengths specifically and therefore has distinctive color
      - Substance that absorbs light
        
        Photosynthetic pigments transfer absorbed light energy to electrons that then enter chemical reactions
        
        Because only absorbed energy can be used, ideally photosynthetic pigment would be black
        
        However, the photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll a
        
        It absorbs only some red and some blue light letting almost everything else pass through
        
        Accessory pigments
        
        Molecules that strongly absorb wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll a
        
        The absorbed energy is then passed to chlorophyll a
        
        This transfer is called resonance
- - - - Treaty designed to reduce production of teen house gasses
      - Signed by 166 countries (not including the U.S. which is as of now the largest CO2 producer in the world)
  - - - The increasing levels of CO2 is slowing warming our atmosphere
    - - This increases rainfall which could cause better farming in the central plains, but also catastrophic flooding in most river valleys where cities are located
        
        Example: El Niño
    - - This water is added to oceans increasing their volume and causing sea level to rise
        
        Keep in mind: sea levels are already rising because as ocean water warms, it expands
        
        This will cause coastal cities and wetlands to flood - these are Home to many species
        
        This mixing of freshwater and seawater dilutes the nutrients in seawater, also slowing the growth of algae
        
        Algae is the basis of the ENTIRE food web in the oceans- slowing the growth of algae could be catastrophic for all ocean life #
  - - - These changes in climate could dramatically harm crops which in turn could lead to mass starvation until climate becomes stable enough to find areas that can be farmed successfully
- - - - Because they absorb red light (700nm) most efficiently
      - The energy excites an electron of P700 which is then absorbed by a membrane-bound electron acceptor known as Fx
        
        Fx contains iron and sulfur and is sometimes designated Fe4S4
- - - - sclerids
        
        often dead at maturity
      - fibers
        
        long
        
        many types are dead other types remain alive and are involved in storage
    - - tracheids
        
        long and narrow with tapered ends
        
        dead at maturity
        
        found in all vascular plants
      - vessel elements
        
        short and wide with perpendicular end walls
        
        dead at maturity
        
        found in flowering plants and a few nonflowering
  - - - soft leaves
      - petals
      - fruit and seeds
- - - - internodes
        
        regions between nodes
  - - - protects delicate organs inside
  - - - distichous
        
        leaves located in two rows only
      - decussate
        
        leaves located in 4 rows
      - whorled
        
        three or more leaves per node
      - opposite
        
        leaves two per node
      - spiral
        
        leaves not aligned with their nearest neighbor
      - alternate
        
        leaves one per node
- - - - shields delicate internal cells from abrasion of dust particles, passing of animals, or leaves and stems that might rub together
      - barrier against invasion of bacteria, fungi, and small insects
      - preventing loss of water to air
        
        outer tangential wall encrusted with cutin
        
        cutin builds up a layer called the cuticle
      - reflectivity protects plant from overheating in bright sunlight
  - - - Xylem
        
        water and minerals enter the xylem through the roots and are conducted upwards to the leaves and stems
        
        two types of conducting cells
        
        tracheids
        
        shape
        
        long and narrow
        
        ends pointed
        
        secondary wall
        
        helical
        
        scalariform
        
        reticulate
        
        annular
        
        circular bordered pits
        
        perforations
        
        none
        
        vessel elements
        
        Secondary Wall
        
        helical
        
        scalariform
        
        reticulate
        
        annular
        
        circular border pits
        
        Perforations
        
        usually 2
        
        one in each end wall
        
        terminal members with only one
        
        Shape
        
        short and wide
        
        ends usually flat
      - Pholem
        
        only primary walls
        
        must remain alive in order to conduct
        
        Parenchchyma cells
        
        2 types of conducting cells
        
        Sieve cells
        
        sieve areas
        
        located over all the cell surface
        
        small
        
        associated cells
        
        albuminous cells
        
        Shape
        
        long and narrow
        
        ends pointed
        
        plant division
        
        all nonangiosperm vascular plants
        
        Sieve tube members
        
        shape
        
        short and wide
        
        ends usually flat
        
        sieve areas
        
        on side walls
        
        small
        
        on end walls
        
        very large
        
        associated cells
        
        companion cells
        
        plant division
        
        angiosperm only
  - - - located just interior to the cortex
    - - contains both xylem and phloem running parallel to each other
    - - the vascular bundle phloem
    - - the xylem of a vascular bundle
- - - - for protection
  - - - no leaf blade
      - continues to grow
- - - - mitotically inactice center region
      - these cells are more resistant to various types of harmful agents
        
        radiation
        
        toxic chemicals
      - act priarily as a reserve of healthy cells
      - if part of root apical meristem is damaged, quiescent center cells become active and form new apical meristem
      - after a new apical meristem is established, its central cells become inactive forming a new quiescent center
  - - - differentiate into epidermis
    - - develop into primary xylem or primary pholem
    - - these differentiate into root cortex
  - - - greatly increases absorption of water and minerals
    - - no distinct boundary exists because the differences between the two represent the the gradual continued differentiation of the cells
    - - continue to enlarge
      - trasfer minerals from the epidermis to the vascular tissue
        
        done through:
        
        diffusion through walls and intercellular spaces
        
        apoplastic transport
        
        absorption into the cytoplasm of a cortical cell and then transferal from cell to cell
  - - - to remain in place
      - provide effective protection for the root apical meristem
    - - undergoing cell division with transverse walls and forming files of cells that are pushed forward.
- - - - same as lateral roots
    - - Embryonic Root
    - - smaller roots
    - - many similarly sized roots
    - - roots that do not arise on pre-existing roots
  - - - thick layer of cells protecting the root apical meristem
    - - complex polysaccharide secreted by root cap of dictyosomes
    - - a region in which many of the epidermal cells extend out as narrow trichomes
    - - just behind the root cap and the root apical meristem
- - - - the process in which humans purposefully change the allele frequency of a gene pool
      - example: selective breeding of crop plants and domestic animals
    - - usually described: survival of the fittest
      - most significant factor causing gene pool changes
      - those individuals that are most adapted to an environment survive, whereas those less adapted do not.
    - - events to which an organism cannot adapt
      - example: collision of large meteorite with Earth
    - - intention
      - planning
      - purpose
      - voluntary decision making
    - - mutations occur continually
      - because of mutation, existing alleles decrease in frequency and new alleles increase
      - all geneomes are subjected to mutagenic factors
- - - - the fruits and seeds of some plants fall close to the parent
      - many species are carried long distance in various ways
        
        floods
        
        stream flow
        
        rafting
        
        spiny or sticky fruits and seeds can stick to the fur or feathers of animals
        
        winds
    - - if a species produces small mobile pieces that reproduce vegatatively these too contribute to gene flow
    - - pollen grains each carry one full haploid genome
      - all alleles of a plant are present in its pollen grains