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Nervous System - Thomas Cruz P.4 (Drugs that affect the brain (mouse party…
Nervous System - Thomas Cruz P.4
Classification of neurons
Structural Classification
Bipolar Neurons
Unipolar Neurons
Multipolar Neurons
Functional Classification
Motor Neurons
Interneurons
Sensory Neurons
Major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Sensory Afferent Division
Motor (Efferent) Division
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic Division
Diseases associated with the brain
Parkinson's Disease
results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra
Huntington's Disease
protein accumulates in brain cells and the tissue dies
Alzheimer's Disease
a progressive degenerative disease of the brain, ultimately results in dementia
Spaces &
ventricles
Ventricles and Spaces
lateral ventricles
large C-shaped chambers that reflect the pattern of cerebral growth
third ventricle
in the diencephalon; Each lateral ventricle communicates with this by interventricular foramen
fourth ventricle
lies in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons and superior medulla; connected to third
lateral apertures
paired in its side walls
median aperture
In the roof
Major parts and
functions of the spinal cord
provides a two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain
spinal dura mater
epidural space filled with a soft padding of fat and a network of veins
lumbar puncture
the subarachnoid space within the meningeal sac inferior to that point provides an ideal spot for removing cerebrospinal fluid for testing
onus medullaris
a tapering cone-shaped structure
filum terminale
a fibrous extension of the conus covered by pia mater
ventral (anterior) median fissure
dorsal (posterior) median sulcus
gray commissure
encloses the central canal
white matter
composed of myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibers that allow communication between different parts of the spinal cord and between the cord and brain
Names of all the lobes and their functions
Temporal Lobe
concerned with conscious awareness of sensation; receive olfactory signals; primary auditory cortex; primary olfactory cortex; gustatory cortex; posterior association area
Occipital Lobe
concerned with conscious awareness of sensation; primary visual cortex; posterior association area
Parietal Lobe
Area concerned with conscious awareness of sensation; primary somatosensory cortex; posterior association area
Frontal Lobe
control voluntary movement (Motor Areas); anterior association area
Action potential
Hyperpolarization
Some K+ channels remain open, and Na+ channels reset
Repolarization
Na+ channels are inactivating, K+ channels open, allowing K+ to exit
Depolarization
Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ entry
Resting State
All gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed
the layers of the meninges
Arachnoid Mater
forms a loose brain covering, never dipping into the sulci at the cerebral surface
Pia Mater
composed of delicate connective tissue and contains many tiny blood vessels
Dura Matar
a two-layered sheet of fibrous connective tissue
Tissues (structure & function of a neuron)
Neuron Processes
The brain and spinal cord (CNS) contain both neuron cell bodies and their processes
Dendrites
short, tapering, diffusely branching extensions
The Axon
arises from a cone-shaped area of the cell body called the axon hillock
generates nerve impulses and transmits them, typically away from the cell body, along the plasma membrane, or axolemma
Neuron Cell
consists of a spherical nucleus (with a conspicuous nucleolus) surrounded by cytoplasm
acts as part of the receptive region that receives information from other neurons
Major functions of the
nervous system
Integration
processes and interprets sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment
Motor output
activates effector organs—the muscles and glands—to cause a response
Sensory input
uses its millions of sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside the body
Drugs that affect the brain (mouse party and drugs of
abuse)
Marijuana
involved in short-term memory and slows down movement
MDMA
increase in energy and feelings of Euphoria
Inhalents
impair coordination and speech and brain damage
Methampetamine
highly addictive and reacts with the reward pathway
Nicotine
increases activity and has a calming affect
Psychedelics
creates hallucinations and intensify emotions
Opiods
rush of warmth pleasures, lose conciousness
Cocaine
concentrates in the reward pathway and is active in the voluntary pathway
GHB and Rohypnol
creates hallucination, nausea, and slow breathing
Alcohol
affects memory, impacts control
Dissociative Drug
lose touch with reality, fever, seizures, and death
Heroine
stresses response and emotional attachment
Ecstasy
interacts with the reward pathway and effects mood and sleep
LSD
excites a particular region of the brain and responsible for fueling
Major parts of the brain and
their functions
Midbrain
delineates the cerebral peduncles ventrally from the tectum, the midbrain’s roof
superior colliculi are visual reflex centers that coordinate head and eye movements when we visually follow a moving object
Pons
the bulging brain stem region wedged between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata
run longitudinally as part of the pathway between higher brain centers and the spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata
blends imperceptibly into the spinal cord at the level of the foramen magnum of the skull
Cardiovascular center
Various other centers
Respiratory centers
Spinal Cord
provides a pathway for fiber tracts running between higher and lower neural centers
Compare & contrast the autonomic nervous system
Similairties
Both release ACh
SNS and ANS are both Stimulatory
Differences
One has one neuron chain while ANS has two neuron chains
SNS has a heavy myelinated neuron while ANS has the lightly myelinated one
ANS releases NE
ANS has an inhibitory effect
Spinal nerves
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
5 pairs of sacral nerves
5 pairs of lumbar nerves
1 pair of tiny coccygeal nerves
8 pairs of cervical nerves
musculocutaneous nerve
axillary nerve
median nerve
Neurotransmitters
Neuropeptides
strings of amino acids; endorphins, beta endorphin, dynorphin, and enkephalins
Purines
nitrogen-containing bases that make up DNA and RNA (ATP and Adenosine)
Amino Acids
occur in all cells of the body and are important in many biochemical reactions; glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and gamma aminobutyric acid
Biogenic Amines
includes catecholamines, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and indolamines
Acetylcholine
released by all neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles and by many neurons of the autonomic nervous system
Endocannabinoids
act at the same receptors as tetrahydrocannabinol
Gasotransmitters
are synthesized on demand and diffuse out of the cells that make them
Cranial nerves
Optic
a brain tract
Oculomotor
supplies four of the six extrinsic muscles that move the eyeball in the orbit
Trochlear
innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit
Trigeminal
supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles
Olfactory
tiny sensory nerves of smell
Abducens
controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball
Facial
innervates muscles of facial expression
Vestibulocochlear
for hearing and balance
Glossopharyngeal
helps to innervate tongue and pharynx
Vagus
extends beyond the head and neck to the thorax and abdomen
Accessory
an accessory part of the vagus nerve
Hypoglossal
runs inferior to the tongue and innervates the tongue muscles
the parts of the
reflex arc
Integration center
In simple reflex arcs, the integration center may be a single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron
Motor neuron
Conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ
Sensory neuron
Transmits afferent impulses to the CNS
Effector
Muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to the efferent impulses
Receptor
Site of the stimulus action