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the nervous system (Neurotransmitters (acetylcholine (excitatory/inhibitor…

- - - - get info from general somatic sensory receptors in the skin and proprioceptors
        
        proprioceptors inform brain of body's muscles, joints, tendons
  - - - get visual info from retina
  - - - sound energy exciting hearing receptors of inner ear causes impulses to be transported
    - - to smell
    - - taste
  - - - primary (somatic) motor cortex
        
        located at precentral gyrus of frontal lobe of each hemisphere
        
        large neurons pyramidal cells in gyri help us consciously control precise voluntary movement
      - premotor cortex
        
        anterior to precentral gyrus
        
        control voluntary actions that depend on sensory feedback
      - broca's area
        
        motor speech area
        
        become active as we prepare to speak
      - frontal eyelid field
        
        located partially in and anterior to premotor cortex and brocas area
    - - intellect, complex learning abilities, recall, personality
- - - - cortical gray matter
        
        localizes and interprets sensory inputs
        
        controls voluntary and skilled muscle activity
        
        functions in intellectual and emotional processing
      - basal nuclei (ganglia)
        
        subcortical motor centers
        
        help control skeletal muscle movements
    - - Thalamus
        
        relay sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation
        
        relay impulses between cerebral motor cortex and lower (subcortical) motor centers, cerebellum
        
        memory processing
      - Hypothalamus
        
        chief integration center of autoomic (involuntary) nervous system
        
        regulate body temp., food intake, water balance, thirst
        
        regulate hormones
    - - includes cerebral and diencephalon structures
  - - - contains visual and auditory reflex centers
      - has subcortical motor centers
      - has nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV
      - has projection fibers
    - - relay info from cerebrum to cerebellum
      - cooperate with medullary respiratory centers to control respiratory rate and depth
      - contain nuclei for cranial nerves V-VI
      - contain projection fibers
    - - relay ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin & proprioceptors through nuclei cuneatus and gracilis
      - contains visceral nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting
- - - - carrying toward
      - consist of nerve fibers (axons) that convey impulses to central nervous system from sensory receptors
      - somatic sensory fibers convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
      - visceral sensory fibers transmit impulses from visceral organs
    - - carrying away
      - transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs to activate muscle contraction or glands to secrete
      - somatic nervous system
        
        made of somatic motor nerve fibers that conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal msucles
        
        known as voluntary nervous system cause allows us to consciously control our skeletal muscles
      - autonomic nervous system (ANS)
        
        visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands
        
        involuntary nervous system
        
        sympathetic division
        
        mobilize body systems during activity
        
        parasympathetic division
        
        conserve energy
        
        promote housekeeping functions during rest
- - - - sympathetic division
      - parasympathetic division
- - - - monosynaptic or polysynaptic region w/CNS
    - - conduct efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ
    - - transmit afferent impulses to CNS
    - - muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting
    - - site of stimulus action
  - - - activate skeletal muscle
    - - activate visceral effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle or glands)
- - - - spherical nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
      - called perikaryon or soma
      - plasma membrane acts as receptive region
      - it has protein and membrane-making machinery
        
        neuron cell body has organelles to synthesize proteins (Rough ER)
        
        rough ER called chromatophilic substance
      - cytoskeletal elements
        
        microtubules and neurofibrils
      - most neuron cell bodies found at CNS
    - - neuron never has more than one axon
      - axon arises from cone shaped area of cell body called axon hillock
      - initial segment of axon narrows to make thin process
      - long axons are called nerve fibers
      - bundles axons called tracts in CNS
        
        nerves in PNS
      - axon collateral extend to about 90 degrees
      - terminal branches send info to dendrites
      - conducting region: generates nerve impulses and transmit them;
    - - protects and insulates fibers
      - increases speed of nerve impulses
      - myelinated fibers conducts nerve impulses rapidly
      - nonmyelinated fibers conduct impulses slowly
      - adjacent Schwann cells don't touch one another; but has gaps in the sheath
        
        myelin sheath gaps/NODES OF RANVIER occur at regular intervals
    - - short, tapering
      - main receptive input region