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3.1.8 Thermodynamics (Definitions (enthalpy of formation: enthalpy change…
3.1.8 Thermodynamics
Definitions
enthalpy of formation: enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements under standard conditions, all reactants and products in their standard states
first ionisation energy: standard enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms are converted to one mole of gaseous +1 ions
enthalpy of atomisation: enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms are formed from its elements in their standard states under standard conditions
mean bond enthalpy: enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous molecules each breaks a covalent bond to form two free radicals averaged over a range of compounds
first electron affinity: standard enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms are converted to one mole of gaseous -1 ions
lattice enthalpy of formation: standard enthalpy change when one mole of a solid ionic compound is formed from its gaseous ions
lattice enthalpy of dissociation: standard enthalpy change when one mole of solid ionic compound dissociates into its gaseous ions
enthalpy of solution: standard enthalpy change when one mole of solute dissolves completely in sufficient solvent to form a solution in which the molecules or ions are far apart enough not to interact with each other
enthalpy of hydration: enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous ions become hydrated (dissolved in water)
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second ionisation energy: standard enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous +1 ions lose one mole of electrons to form one mole of gaseous +2 ions
second electron affinity: standard enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous -1 ions gain one mole of electrons to form one mole of gaseous -2 ions
enthalpy of neutralisation: enthalpy change when one mole of water is formed in a reaction between an acid and an alkali under standard conditions
bond dissociation enthalpy: enthalpy change when one mole of covalent bonds are broken in the gaseous state
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Entropy:
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increasing entropy as temperature increases: temperature is directly proportional to kinetic energy of particles; as temp increases, KE increases, so particles move around and vibrate more, increasing the disorder and therefore entropy
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