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5.1.5 Animal Responses (Autonomic nervous system divisions…

- - - - somatic nervous system (SNS):
        consists of motor neurones under conscious control
        e.g. to skeletal muscles
        myelinated neurones; rapid response
        singe motor neurone connecting CNS to effector
      - autonomic nervous system (ANS):
        responsible for controlling majority of homeostatic mechanisms, and controlling internal environment of body
        responsible for controlling involuntary motor activities of body
        e.g. to glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle of blood vessels, airways, digestive system walls
        mostly non-myelinated neurones; don't require a fast response
        at least two neurones involved in connection between CNS and effector; neurones connected at small swellings called ganglia
- - - - outermost layer of cerebrum consists of thin layer of nerve bodies; cerebral cortex
      - sensory areas: receive action potentials indirectly from sensory receptors; the larger the region, the more sensitive the area to different receptors
      - association areas: compare sensory inputs with previous experiences, interpret the input, and judge a response
      - motor areas: send action potentials to various effectors (muscle, glands), the larger the region, the more complex the movements required by the effectors; motor areas on left side of brain control right side of body and vice versa
  - - - detects change in core body temperature
      - receives sensory input from temperature receptors in the skin
      - initiate responses to regulate body temperature within a narrow range; mediated by nervous system or hormonal system via pituitary gland
    - - contains osmoreceptors to monitor blood water potential
      - when water potential changes, osmoregulatory centre initiates responses to reverse change
      - responses mediated by hormonal system via pituitary gland
  - - - linked to hypothalamus by specialised neurosecretory cells
      - hormones such as ADH manufactures in the hypothalamus pass down neurosecretory cells and released into blood from pituitary gland
      - store and release hormones made in hypothalamus
    - - produces its own hormones, which are secreted into the blood in response to releasing factors produced by hypothalamus
      - releasing factors are hormones transported short distance from hypothalamus to pituitary gland
      - hormones respond to stress, growth, reproduction, lactation