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The Nervous System Leslie Ayala per.2 (Drugs that affect the brain (mouse…
The Nervous System Leslie Ayala per.2
Major functions of the nervous system*
(Organs of the Nervous system -Brain,spinal cord, nerves,Specialized sense organs (eyes,ears,skin )
Integrative Functions- It analyzes sensory information, stores some aspects, and makes decisions regarding appropriate behaviors
Motor Functions
Sensory Function- Detects changes (stimuli) within body and outside body
Major Divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system
Central Nervous System
The (Brain, Spinal Cord )
Function: To Receive incoming sensory information,thoughts and emotions generated
Peripheral Nervous System
All Nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord
Function: Spinal nerves carry impulses to and from spinal cords, Cranial nerves carry impulses to and from cranium
Major parts of the brain and their functions
Contains about 100 billion mulitpolar neurons and weighs about 3 pounds
4 major regions of the brain
Diencephalon- Processes sensory input and controls many homeostatic processes
Brain Stem - coordinates and regulates visceral activities
Cerebellum- coordinates muscular activity
Divided into regions
sulcus (sulci)= creases shallow grooves
Fissures= deeper grooves, usually separate large parts of the brain
Gyrus(gyri) = bumps, elevated ridges of tissues
Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres) - largest portion and associated with higher mental functions
Names of all the lobes and their functions
Temporal Lobe
Function
Interpretation of auditory patterns
auditory area
Parietal
Function
sensory speech area (wernicke's area)
Frontal lobe
Functions
Frontal eye field
Motor speech area (Broca's area)
Concentration, planning , problem solving
Occipital Lobe
Functions
Visual area
Combining visual images, visual recognition of objects
The layers of the meninges
Three layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain
membranes located between bone and soft tissue of nervous system
Layers
Inner= Pia Mater (gentle mother) covers every fold of brain
Attached to surface of the brain, thin, contains many blood vessels and nerves
Middle = Arachnoid mater (looks like cobweb)
Very thin, lacks blood vessels
Outer= Dura Mater (tough mother)
Tough, white dense connective tissue, contains many blood vessels
Spaces and Ventricles
The Cerebro Spinal Fluid
Functions
Mechanical protection
Intracranial pressure
Metabolic function
other functions
The CSF circulates into two different compartments
Ventricles
Consists of 4 ventricles connected
2 lateral ventricles
Sub-Arachnoid space
Tissues (Structure and function of a neuron)
Structure
Axon- start as a single fiber, but may give off branches called collateral axon; the portion that conducts signal away from the cell body
Myelin- Fatty substance that surrounds axon, insulates signal (allows signal to be sent faster)
Cell body- Contains nucleus and other organelles, is the metabolic center
Node(s) of Ranvier- Spaces between myelin/schwann cells
Dendrite- Portion of neuron that receives impulse and sends signal to the cell body (highly branched)
3 types of Neuron structure
Bipolar- One dendrite, one axon(sensory)
3.unipoar- Fused axon and dendrite( Senspry)
Multipolar- Many dendrites, one axon
Classification of neurons
Unipolar (Sensory Neuron)
Multipolar (Motorneuron)
Bipolar ( Interneuron)
Pryimidial Cell
Major parts and functions of the spinal cord
2 major functions
to transmit impulses to and from the brain
To house spinal reflexes
White matter tracts serve as information highways to and from the brain
Gray matter receives and integrate information especially for spinal reflexes
Action Potential
Nerve impulse is transmitted during action potential;only axons are capable of action potentials
Drugs that affect the brain (mouse party and drugs of abuse )
Ecstasy
Responsible for mood sleep, perception ad appetite
Marijuana
Removing unnecessary short term memories, slowing down movement, relaxed and calm
Heroin
Responsible for the transmission of pain signals, stress response and emotional attachment
Methamphetamine
Meth is highly addictive making the user feel intense pleasure and exhilaration
Alcohol
effects balance, speech, coordination, reaction ime and reasoning
Cocaine
alert, increase energy, speed up brain activity
Opoids
rush of warmth and pleasure, itching ,vomiting
Inhalents
Brain damage, deaths, hallucinating, vomiting and confusion
MDMA
emotional connection, involuntary jaw clenching, chills and panic attacks
Nicotine
Intense craving, sleep, cancer, heart disease
Dissociative Drug
Behave violently, feeling of death
Diseases associated with the brain
Dementia "Forgetfulness"
Loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases, general term for destruction of neuron of the brain
Contusion
Causes tissue destruction, permanent damage
Concussion
Shaking of the brain with no permanent damage, mostly result of swelling
Divisions of the PNS of the body
Motor (efferent) nerves
Carry impulses from CNS to organs, muscles; they carry an effect or response
2 types; Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Sensory (afferent) nerves
Relay information from skin,muscles, and glands to CNS; they are affected by the environment or sense the environment
Somatic : Controls voluntary movements
Anatomy of the spinal cord
Connection between the brain and brainstem to the rest of the body
Begins at the base of the brain at the foramen magnum and extends as a slender cord
Two deep longitudinal grooves (anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus)
Coverings
Fascicle= a group of nerve fibers (group of wrapped axons)
Perineurium- Surrounds a group of nerve fibers (surrounds a fascicle)
Endoneurium- Surrounds individual fibers within a nerve
Epineurium- Surrounds the entire nerve
Neurotransmitter
Binds with receptors on postsynaptic neuron's cell membrane
At least 30-50 different neurotransmitters identified
Synaptic end bulbs may contain 2 or 3 different neurotransmitters
Compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system
SNS consists of motor neurons that stimulate skeletal muscles
ANS monitors visceral organs and blood vessels with sensory neurons, which provide input information for the CNS
Reflex Arc- Nerve pathway of a reflex response
Functions to prevent damage to the
body
2 types;
Cranial-signal travels through brain stem for example ; Pupillary response
Spinal – signal travels through spine for example patellar reflex
5 parts of reflex arc
sensory receptor---> afferent nerve ending detects stimulus
sensory/ afferent neuron ---> sends signal to CNS (reflex center)
Synapse/ Interneuron integration center---> connection between sensory neuron and (efferent) neuron
Motor/ efferent neuron---> delivers response to target organ
5.effector--> target organ responds to signal