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Nervous System (spinal cord: (cervical region- connected to the head, neck…
Nervous System
spinal cord:
cervical region- connected to the head, neck, upper body, arms, and hands.
thoracic region- connected to the hands, fingers, chest, and abdominal muscles.
lumbar region- connected to the hips, knee, ankles, and toe muscles.
sacral region- connected to the legs, toes, bladder, and anal muscles.
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brain:
four main parts:
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diencephalon- superior to brain stem, surrounded by cerebrum. made of: thalamus and hypothalmus
brain stem- made of: medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain.
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lobes:
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parietal lobe- processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement.
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temporal lobe- processes memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight and touch.
menings:
dura mater- outermost layer of the meninges, lying directly underneath the bones of the skull and vertebral column.
arachnoid mater- middle layer of the meninges, lying directly underneath the dura mater. consists of layers of connective tissue.
pia mater- located underneath the sub-arachnoid space. very thin, and tightly adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
ventricle:
lateral ventricles- cerebral hemispheres. communicate with the third ventricle through the interventricular foramen.
third ventricle- median cavity in the brain, bounded by the thalamus and hypothalamus. communicates in front with the lateral ventricles, and in back with the aqueduct of the midbrain.
fourth ventricle- extends from the aqueduct of the midbrain to the central canal of the upper end of the spinal cord. communicates by the two foramina of Luschka and the foramen of Magendie.
neuron:
classification of neurons is based upon the number of processes that extend out from the cell body. three major groups arise from this classification: multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons.
cell body or soma- portion of the cell that surrounds the nucleus and plays a major role in synthesizing proteins.
dendrites- short, branched processes that extend from the cell body. receive information, and do so through numerous receptors located in their membranes that bind to chemicals, called neurotransmitters.
axon- large process that extends from the cell body at a point of origin-called the axon hillock-and functions to send information.
drugs:
heroine- interferes with inhibitory and dopamine transmitters. mimics natural opiates and binds opiate receptors. give feeling of sedation and well-being.
ecstasy- interferes with serotonin transmitter. mimics serotonin and "confuses" the transporters. affects mood, sleep, perception, and appetite.
marijuana- interferes with inhibitory and dopamine transmitters. slows down movement, and makes us feel relaxed and calm.
meth- interferes with dopamine transmitter. mimics dopamine. makes people feel intense pleasure and exhilaration.
main functions:
integrative function- it analyzes sensory information, stores some aspects, and makes decisions regarding appropriate behaviors.
motor function- it may respond to stimuli by initiating muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
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divisions:
central nervous system (CNS)- consists of brain + spinal cord. info is integrated. thoughts + emotions are generated. memories are formed + stored. most nerve impulses that influence effectors organs begin in CNS.
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PNS divided into:
somatic nervous system (SNS)- brings info from skin, special senses, body wall and limbs to CNS, and motor neurons to skeletal muscles.
autonomic nervous system- bring info from receptors in internal organs to CNS and motor neurons to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
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