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central nervous system (spinal cord (背白腹灰，背入腹出) (mantle layer …
central nervous system
brain development
midbrain
(mesencephalon)
tectum(中腹)
corpora
quadrigemina
(eye)surperior colliculus
(auditory)inferioer colliculus
tegmentum(中背)
substantia nigra
(黑質)
via nigrostriatal dopamine system
red nucleus
mesolimbic dopamine system
(NAc)emotion
hindbrain
rostral hindbrain(延髓後腦)
pons(橋腦)
呼吸頻率調節中樞
connect cerebral cortex and cerebral
cerebullum
proprioreceptor(本體感覺)
motor learning
spinocerebellar atrophy(脊髓小腦萎縮)
caudal hindbrain
medulla (part of brain stem)
Respiratory Center
pneumotaxic
inhibiting inspiration
reticulum formation
(reticular activating system)
arousal* polypeptide ←lateral hypothalamic area
thalamus←ACH←pons
enhance altertness←cerebrum←
monoamine
←hypothalamus/basal forebrain
sleep←GABA←ventrolateral pre-optic nucleus
(on hypothalamus)
narcolepsy(猝睡症)
rhythmicity area
apneustic(常吸氣中樞)
吸氣深度
Vasomotor Center
Cardiac Center
forebrain(prosencephalon)
telencephalon
celebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex
cerebral lobes
parietal
somatosensory cortices
occipital
visual cortex
frontal
precental gyrus(motor cortices)
temporal
auditory cortex
insula
memory/pain/visceral
corpus callosum(胼胝體) connected
olfactory bulb
diencephalon
Thalamus
sleep/alternate
receive information→cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
circadian rhythyms(晝夜週期)
調節睡眠周期←melatonin←pineal gland←superchiasmatic(SCN)←eye←日夜交替
渴溫餓壓換氣情緒
pituitary hormone
(垂體激素)
posterior(direct)
ADH/
Oxytocin
anterior(indirect)
epithalamus
(3rd ventricle) choroid plexus(微血管叢)
pineal gland(松果體)
melatonin(退黑激素)(抗氧化)
hemisphere
right
spacial comprehension/recognizion/composing
left
language
Broca's area
fine-motor speech
Wernicke's area
comprehend/formulate
analytic/calculation
limbic system
memory
short
long
nondeclarative(implicit)
simple skills
declarative(explicit)
semantic(facts)
episodic(events)
formation
sensor→limbic system→amygdala→hippocampus(LTP)→lobe cortex→emotion
LTP
glutamate→AMPA/NMDA receptor→Ca2+→CaMKII→LTP/NO(正回饋)
circuit
cingular gyrus←anterior nuclei of thalamus←hypothalamus←hippoacampus←fornix
Prefrontal Cortex
hurt--impulsive
pleasure/reward
spinal cord
(背白腹灰，背入腹出)
mantle layer
(gray matter)
intermidiate zone
axon→ventral root
basal plate(ventral horn)
Shape motor outputs
alar plate(dorsal horn)
receive sensory
marginal layer
(white)
lateral column
ventral column
dorsal column
sensory→spinal→brain
structure
ascending tracts
inf→brain
ex＞spinalthalamic tracts→thalamus
descending tracts
response→motor
ex＞ corticospinal(pyramidal)
Extrapyramidal tracts
Babinski reflex
corticospinal tracts damage