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89 Olfactory and Limbic System (Clinical Connections (neural plasticity…

- - - - hypothalamus and autonomic nervous sytem involvement
      - olfactovisiceral resposes
      - emotional and motivational responses to smell
      - processing and remembering emotions; fear
      - damage
        
        docile behavior
        
        lacking fear
      - stimulation
        
        aggression
        
        fear
        
        sadness
      - communication
        
        neuroendocrine
        
        autonomic NS
    - - diencephalon
      - midbrain
      - telecephalon
    - - medial olfactory tract goes here
      - reward pathways
      - emotional responses
      - damage: aggressive behavior
      - stimulation: docile behavior
    - - processing memory
      - spatial memory
      - processes short to long term memory
      - damage
        
        difficulty forming new memories (anterograde)
        
        impairment in spatial memory
        
        neurodegenerative disorders
      - looks like a seahorse in transverse
    - - functions
        
        motivation
        
        aversion
        
        reward
        
        addicition
      - damage: dysfunctional reward pathway
      - stimulation: reduction of depression, OCD symptoms
- - - - reponse increased - long-term potentiation
      - response increased - long-term depression
- - - - does not project to thalamus
      - emotional behavior
      - repsonsible for sense of smell
    - - response to smells
      - output to septal area
    - - output directly to piriform lobe
      - conscious perception of smell
  - - - turbulence
      - increase surface area
    - - olfactory receptors
        
        synapse on 2nd order neurons (mitral cells)
        
        cells ravels through ethmoid bone
      - mucosa
      - basal cells
      - supporting cells
    - - axons of 2nd order neruons
      - lateral tract
        
        conscious perception of smell
        
        input to piriform bulb
        
        "pear-shaped"
        
        conscious perception of smell
      - medial tract
  - - - where many sensor sensory cells converge on a single 2nd order neuron
      - quick processing
      - reduces noise/artifacts
      - increased receptors = increased accuracy of odorants
    - - each nostril smells separately
      - separate respiratory and olfactory sections in nasal cavity
      - exhale at nostril slits
      - 300 million receptors
  - - - snakes
      - mice
      - unulates
      - felids
      - equine