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Mamm Phys Exam 2 (Lecture 7 (receptors (open/close Na channels via…

- - - - max amp - 100mV
      - frequency
  - - - Meissner's Corpuscles, Merkel's discs, Pacinian Corpuscles, Hair End-Organs
      - Muscle Spindles
      - Free Nerve Endings
    - - Chemical Gating
      - Temp Alteration
      - Physical Deformation
      - Electromagnetic Radiation
    - - strength
        
        amp of membrane potential
        
        Frequency of AP
      - quality
        
        adaptation
        
        types
        
        slow
        
        fast
        
        Mechanisms of Adaptation
        
        receptor - synaptic fatigue
        
        receptor changes
    - - Temporal summation
        
        inc. strength
      - Spatial summation
        
        inc. frequency
    - - Subthreshold
      - Superthreshold
  - - - myelinated
      - fast
      - alpha, beta, gamma, delta
    - - non-myelinated
      - slow
  - - - 1 source
        
        1 neuron input -> 2 neurons -> 4 neurons
      - multi source
        
        3 neurons input -> 6 neurons -> 3 pathways
    - - 1 source
        
        5 neurons (same location) -> 1 neuron
      - multi source
        
        5 neurons (difference locations) -> 1 neuron
- - - - Pinna - sound collector
      - Tensor Tympani - holds ear drum
      - Malleus - bone connected to tensor tympani
      - Incus Bone - connects to Malleus
      - Lever Unit - holds incus and malleus bones
        
        "Impendance Matching"
      - Stapes Bone - malleus/incus pulls on it
      - Oval Window of Cochlea - beaten on by Stapes Bone
        
        causes fluid wave
      - Round Window - vibrates b/c of fluid wave
      - Cochlea - coiled tube
        
        parts
        
        Scala Tympani
        
        Scala Media
        
        Scala Vestibuli
        
        Basal Membrane
        
        made of 10,000 fibers
        
        Organ of Corti - on each fiber
        
        composition
        
        3 more items...
        
        attaches to cochlear neuron
    - - Loudness - amp of basilar fibers, number of hair cells, and outer cell resistance
      - Direction - lag time b/t two ears
      - Pitch - location of vibrating basilar fibers
  - - - Sweet
      - Bitter
      - Sour
      - Umami
      - Salt
      - Water
    - - structure
        
        Taste Cells
        
        Nerves
    - - taste receptors activates -> depolarizes -> nerve cells
  - - - a modified bipolar sensory organ
- - - - Cones
        
        color - day
      - Rods
        
        black and white - night
        
        Rhodopsin
        
        components
        
        Retinal
        
        cis -> trans
        
        pathway
        
        1 more item...
        
        Scotopsin
        
        same pathway as Retinal but replaced with:
        
        Opsins
        
        3 more items...
      - receptors
        
        outer segment = sensitive
        
        visual pigments - visual purple or "Rhodopsin"
        
        inc. pigments = inc. light sensitivity
      - Cornea - refractive
      - Lens - adjusting
        
        Accommodation - contract/relax lens
      - Retina - image projection
    - - Moving Parallax
      - Stereopsis
- - - - Hearing
      - Vision
      - Taste
      - Smell
      - Touch
        
        types
        
        Proprioceptive Sensations - body position and status
        
        receptors
        
        Ruffini's Endings
        
        Muscle Spindles
        
        Vestibular Apparatus
        
        Nerve Fibers
        
        alpha-alpha
        
        beta
        
        Visceral Sensations - internal organs
        
        Deep Sensations - muscles and bones
        
        receptors
        
        Free Nerve Endings
        
        pain receptors transmitters
        
        Endorphins
        
        Enkephalin
        
        Dynorphin
        
        pain types
        
        Fast/Prickling Pain
        
        Deep Pain
        
        Exteroreceptive Sensations - surface sensations
        
        Divisions
        
        Pressure/Movement - Touch
        
        receptors
        
        6 more items...
        
        Nerve Fibers
        
        2 more items...
        
        "Two-Point Discrimination"
        
        Thermal - Hot & Cold
        
        receptors
        
        2 more items...
        
        Nerve Fibers
        
        1 more item...
        
        sensors/fibers
        
        4 more items...
- - - - input - sensory areas and motor cortex
      - output - motor control system
      - motor and nonmotor info
      - located - frontal lobe
    - - input - visual, somatosensory, and auditory processing centers
      - output - everywhere
      - located - junction of parietal occipital and temporal cortices
      - Importance
        
        analysis of body in space
        
        Naming Objects
        
        Interpretation of Visual Information
        
        Language and Comprehension
    - - located - Hippocampus
- - - - Cerebral Cortex
        
        activates muscles - "gross motion"
      - Primary Motor Cortex
      - Premotor Area
        
        generates a motor image -> primary cortex -> muscles activate
      - Supplementary Motor Area
        
        function w/ premotor area
        
        background movements -> hand grasping
      - Output Pathways
        
        Cortico Spinal/Pyramidal System
        
        primary motor cortex -> interneuron or lower motor neurons
        
        Betz Cell
        
        crude movements
        
        Supplemental Pathways
        
        Rubrospinal Tract
        
        motor cortex -> red nucleus -> mesencephaloefore
      - Brain
        
        brain stem = position
        
        Reticular Nuclei
        
        Pontine Reticular Nuclei = gravity resistance muscles
        
        Medullary Reticular Nuclei = inhibit core muscles - resist gravity
        
        Vestibular Nuclei
        
        pathway
        
        Vestibular system -> vestibular nuclei -> pontine & medullary - regulate body position
        
        Vestibular System
        
        acceleration, rotation, and position of the head
        
        parts
        
        Saccule w/ macula- position, acceleration (lying down)
        
        Utricle w/ macula - position, acceleration (standing up)
        
        Semicircular Canals - rotation of head
        
        axes
        
        3 more items...
        
        has crista ampullaris = sensor
        
        canals filled w/ endolymph
      - Cerebellum
        
        functions
        
        strength
        
        smoothness
        
        sequencing
        
        timing
        
        Purkinje Cells
        
        input - Granule Cells
        
        output - inhibitory to deep nuclear cells
        
        Deep Nuclear Cells
        
        input - Purkinje Cells
        
        output - excitatory to muscles and motor nuclei
        
        Granule Cells
        
        input - Periferal System
        
        output - excitatory to Purkinje Cells
        
        Motor memory
      - Basal Ganglia
        
        pathways
        
        Putamen Circuit
        
        Subthalmus
        
        Thalmus
        
        Substania Nigra
        
        Globus Pallidus
        
        Caudate CIrcuit
        
        Putamen
        
        Globus Pallidus
        
        Thalamus
        
        controls complex muscle patterns