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Sleep (Neuroscience of Sleep (sleep (loss of consciousness, lack of memory…

- - - - lesion to pons would disrupt REM
      - lesion to its descending neurons would prevent sleep motor inhibition
  - - - axons widely branching in the forebrain
        
        histamine – vigilance
        
        acetylcholine – executive function
        
        norepinephrine – set-shifting, attention
        
        serotonin – response inhibition, reversal learning
  - - - knock out mice
      - narcoleptic dogs have mutation in receptor
      - narcoleptic people suffer from loss of orexin neurons
  - - - lesions cause deficit in sleep time
      - GABA-ergic input to arousal centers, mutual flip-flop circuit (quick switch between states)
    - - VLPO activator = adenosine (metabolite of ATP)
        
        accumulation of adenosine = indicative of neuronal depletion of energy stores
        
        caffeine blocks adenosine receptors
  - - - motor inhibition; eye movements; genital blood flow; cortical arousal (dreams)
      - midbrain: REM-off neurons
      - mutual inhibition – orexin promotes REM-off
        
        w/ sleep onset, orexin shuts off –> disinhibiting REM-on
- - - - want high signal to noise ratio – easier to hear signal when noise is low
    - - brain eliminates new synapses that are just noise
      - preserves synapses that are important information
    - - fatal familial insomnia
      - cognitive impairment
      - REM reboudn
- - - - irregular
        
        unrelated neural activity among many neurons
        
        EEG sum = high frequency activity, low amplitude
      - synchronized
        
        neural activity similar among neurons (spikes occurs @ same time in each neuron)
        
        EEG sum = low frequency activity, high amplitude
    - - Alpha Rhythms (Awake)
        
        relaxed
        
        not thinking of anything in particular
        
        i.e. daydreaming
      - (1) Beta Rhythms (REM)
        
        seen during more concentrated tasks
        
        i.e. math homework, making grocery list
      - (2) Theta Rhythms (stage 1 non-REM)
        
        more amplitude & less frequency than alpha & beta
      - (3) Spindle (stage 2 non-REM)
        
        large changes in amplitude (larger change in amplitude = K complex)
      - (4) Delta Rhythms (stage 3&4 non-REM)
        
        even larger changes in amplitude up until stage 4
      - after stage 4 return to beta rhythms (REM sleep)
      - closer to morning = longer bouts of REM sleep & vice versa
      - non-REM & REM alternate in 90 mins cycles
      - REM = paradoxical, beta-like, desynchronized vs. non-REM = synchronized, slow wave