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Mamm Phys Exam 1 (Lecture 2 (Ion Movement (Voltage Gate (activated by…
Mamm Phys Exam 1
Lecture 2
Ion Movement
Leak Channels
K out
Na in
Na/K Pump
ATP required
K out
Na in
Voltage Gate
activated by membrane potentials
"door" at top & bottom
usually closed
fast opening
slow closing
K channel
one gate
slow opening
Ions Affecting Potentials (AP)
Na
1/10 difference
Cl
K
35/1 difference
Membrane Potential
-90mV
"polarized"
membrane behind AP = hyperpolarized
Nerve Cell Axons
Wapped in
Myelin Sheath
Made by
Schwann Cells
Made of Fatty Membranes
blocks ion flow
Nodes of Ranvier
where AP takes place
Lecture 3
Signals
moved across gap via
neurotransmitters
inhibitory
IPSP
potential further from threshold
IPSP > EPSP = inhibited
excitatory
EPSP
potential closer to threshold
EPSP > IPSP = facilitated
Examples
Acetylcholine
Norephinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
Glycine
Glutamate
Neuropeptides
Receptors
Ion channels - Excitatory
Na
Ca
Ion channels - Inhibitory
K
Cl
dendrite/some -> axon terminals
axon terminals
neurotransmitter vesicles
mitochondria
resting AP = -65mV
threshold = -55mV
cell gap
in b/t cells
Neuron B = "postsynaptic neuron"
Neuron A = "presynaptic neuron"
Neuron
structure
dendrites
axon
soma
Lecture 1
"Standard Person"
60% water
155lbs & 5'7"
male
25 y/o
white
Fluids
Intracellular
Composition
150mM K
4mM Na
Extracellular
Types
Intersitial Fluid
Blood & Plasma
Composition
4mM K
24mM HCO3-
150 mM Na
108mM Cl
pH - 7.4
Lecture 4
Motor End Plate
b/t presynaptic cell & muscle cell
Muscle cell
synaptic subneural clefts
Voltage-gated Na channels
Ligand-gated Na channels
resting = -80 to -90mV
EPP
if < threshold = excitatory
if > threshold = AP begins
Acetylcholinesterase fills gap
breaks down acetylcholine
Ligand-gated Na channel form
Muscle structure
long muscle cells/fibers
divided into multiple myofibrils
made of:
Myosin
250 kDa protein
"dark band"
Actin
42 kDa protein
"light band"
Tropomyosin
70kDa protein
wrap around actin - double helix
Troponin
3 domains
1 binds to tropomyosin
1 binds to Ca
1 binds to actin
cell outer membrane = sarcolemma
modified ER - "Sarcoplasmic Reticulum"
connected to other sarcolemma via T tubules
touch every myofibril
signalling - "Excitation-Contraction Coupling"
Walk-Along Theory
myosin head walks - holding actin filaments - to center of sarcomere
Needs ATP
sources
3 more items...
critical frequency = Tetanization (tentany)
Lecture 6
Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis
cause - autoimmune
symptoms
lack of motor coordination
slurring
paralysis
types
Acute
Chronic
treatment
interferons
immune suppressants
Myasthenia
symptoms
respiration failure
paralysis
muscle weakness
treatment
neostigmine
cause - autoimmune
Shingles
symptoms
lesions
treatment
none
causes - varicella-zoster virus
Drugs
Types
Antagonist - blocks the receptor
beta blocker - Propranolol & -olol drugs
alpha blocker - phentolamine
Agonist - turns on receptor
alpha 1 - Pseudoephedrine
beta - Isoproterenol, Albuterol
Muscarinic agonist - Pilocarpine
Antimuscarinics - Atropin
Motor Endplate
Anticholinesterases - Neostigmine
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blocker - Curare & relatives
Lecture 5
Autonomic Nervous System
controls organs subconciously
pathways
2 neurons b/w brain & organ
except skeletal motor sys - 3 neurons
branches
Parasympathetic
short - post
long - pre
locations
presynaptic neurons
central nervous sys -> parasympathetic ganglia
preganglian neruotransmitter = acetylcholine
postsynaptic neurons
ganglia -> effector organs
postganglian neurotransmitter = acetylcholine
muscarinic
Vagus Nerve (Cranial X)
cholinergic repectors
Muscarinic
Eyes
Blood Vessels
Glands
Heart
Respiratory
Gut
Bladder
Reproduction
Nicotinic
"Rest & Digest"
Sympathetic
long - post
short - pre
locations
postsynaptic neurons
sympathetic ganglia -> effector organs
postganglionic neurotransmitter = norephinephrine
presynaptic neurons
brain/spinal cord -> sympathetic ganglia
preganglionic neurotransmitter = acetylcholine
Ephinephrine (adrenaline)
can activate SNS
receptors
beta 1
inhibitory to all except heart
Heart - Constrict
beta 2
always inhibitory
Heart - Dilate
Reproduction
Respiratory
alpha 2
like alpha 1
uncommon
beta 3
unknown
alpha 1
excitatory to smooth muscle except gut
Eyes
Muscles
Glands
Gut
"Fight or Flight"