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Real Course Mindmap, Chapter 22 # (Vascular Cyptogams # (spermatophytes…

- - - - had a hole called a micropyle which allowed sperm cells in
- - - - sporophytes are always diploid
    - - syngamy or fertilization
      - spores are different, they cannot undergo syngamy but they grow through mitosis into a gametophyte
    - - heteromorphic generation
- - - - Petals are above the sepals on the receptacle
        
        perianth
        
        corolla
        
        above the petals are the stamens
        
        Carpels attribute to the gynocium, the highest level of the receptacle
- - - - sporophytes are always diploid
    - - syngamy or fertilization
      - spores are different, they cannot undergo syngamy but they grow through mitosis into a gametophyte
    - - heteromorphic generation
- - - - Petals are above the sepals on the receptacle
        
        perianth
        
        corolla
        
        above the petals are the stamens
        
        Carpels attribute to the gynocium, the highest level of the receptacle
- - - - the two basic types of ray parenchyma cells are upright cells and procumbant cells
  - - - in conifers, xylem rays are almost exclusively uniseriate, they are multiseriate if they contain a resin canal.
      - in addition to ray parenchyma cells, they may contain ray tracheids
  - - - some people prefer the name growth ring
        
        because the wood of a growth ring has vessels located throughout it, is said to be diffuse pores
        
        where-as species with vessels restricted mainly to early wood
- - - - differes greatly from vsascular cambium on structure and morphogenic activity
        
        the outer cell differentites onto a cork cell also called a phellem cell
      - may produce a cell or two the mature to become a layer of parenchyma called phelloderm
        
        the cork cambium and the layer of cork cells are called the periderm
- - - - Anthocerotae
      - Hepatophyta
      - Bryophyta
- - - - Species that have hydroids typically have leptoids
  - - - this cell undergoes mitosis and produces a branched system of similar cells
        
        this network is called a protonema
- - - - S=cA^z
        
        S= Scale, A=Are, c and Z are constants
- - - - probability of the prey appearing
      - the coloration of the prey to help escape predation
      - probability that the prey will be successfully eaten
    - - optimal diet model
        
        exploitation competition
        
        interface competition
  - - - Functional response is dependent on prey = prey-dependent
- - - - whenever this process becomes inserted backwards it becomes an inversion
      - insertion sequences are a few thousand pairs long and contain code for the enzymes to actually start the insertion process
- - - - if they breed, they bring in a generation of Fs
        
        crossing over is a form of mutation which happens whenever chromatids are ready to split in meiosis
  - - - if there are two different alleles then they are heterologous
- - - - this taproot develops from the embryonic root called the radicle
  - - - only a few milimeters long within the which the cells undergo division and expansion and behind that is the root hair zone
      - root hairs form only in part of the root hat is not elongating otherwise, they would be shorn off
- - - - a simple leaf blade has a blade of one part
      - a compound leaf blade has a blade divided into several individual parts
        
        a compound leaf has multiple small blades called leaflets
  - - - flutter can sometimes knock insects off the leaf
  - - - the abscision zone is oriented perpendicular to the petiole
- - - - water loss through the epidermis is called transpiration
  - - - the lower level is the spongy mesophyll #
      - #
  - - - these branch off into smaller veins known as lateral veins and then mirror veins
    - - veins, often the larger ones, have a mass of fibers above, below, or both called the bundle sheath extension
- - - - another form of modified leaf
  - - - cactus spines are modified leaves of auxiliary buds
- - - - some only function by dying at maturity
  - - - are elastic
- - - - Internodes are the spaces between nodes
    - - the extreme tip is called the terminal bud
- - - - #
  - - - xylem - which conducts and winerals and phloem - which distribute sugars and minerals
      - xylem - two types of conducting cells. tracheids and vessel elements #
- - - - Cytochromes a and a3 are part of a large enzyme complex known as cytochrome oxidase
      - If this electron transfer were the only thing to happen in the electron transport chain, it would be better than anaerobic respiration because the cell could avoid the waste of pyruvate and the synthesis of the toxic lactate or ethanol # #
        
        The flow of protons from the crista lumen to the mitochondrial matrix can be used to synthesize ATP
- - - - Certain bacteria are known as obligate anaerobes
      - If oxygen is available, certain tissue will use aerobic respiration. #
    - - in animal tissue, NADH reacts to for lactate, the anion of Lactic Acid
    - - Emdben-Meyerhoff pathway
        
        #
        
        After glucose is converted to ATP, it goes through Substrate-Level Phosphorylation.
        
        Essentially a reversal of Stroma reactions
  - - - Plants and animals that require oxygen known as strict aerobes
    - - Product of reduction is water
        
        Consists of 3 parts
        
        1.) Glycolysis
        2.) The citrus-Acid-Cycle
        3.) oxidative phosphorylation in a electron transport train. #
        
        Citric-Acid-Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- - - - Heat lost is important for animals to maintain body temperature
        
        Human muscles contract and relax rapidly, which breaks down large amounts of ATP and releases lots of heat
      - Ineffcient aspect of respiration
  - - - Many aspects of thermogenic respiration are still unknown
- - - - Many of the reactants in the pentose phosphate pathway are the same as those in glycolysis, and both pathways occur in the cytosol and plastids.
- - - - Climate
        
        Climate is important because some species are restricted to certain regions primarily because they cannot love climatic conditions out side those regions
        
        Tolerance range is the between of the high and low extremes
      - Soil factors
        
        Soil is formed by break down of rock
        
        The first plants that include a soil are called pioneers
        
        The A Horizon is the uppermost and is sometimes called the zone of leaching
        
        The B Horizon is the next layer also known as zone of deposition
        
        The C horizon is below that and is comprised mostly of rock
    - - The plant itself
      - Other plant species #
        
        Mutualism and competition
        
        The role of competition has been debated. One theory is that the result of competition is competitive exclusion
        
        Niche is that each species evolved to a specific set of conditions
- - - - Biotic is factors are critical #
  - - - Intuition is called allelopathy
  - - - Generation time - length of time between birth of one individual and then its offspring
        
        And the intrinsic rate of natural increases or biotic potential
        
        Biotic potential is measured by ideal conditions
  - - - Typically annuals our small shrubby perennials
    - - Face intense competition
      - Long lived conifers such as redwoods
- - - - Plants change dramatically with time
  - - - Photosynthesis is the most common
        
        Autotrophs - plants that make their own food - are primary producers
        
        Herbivores are primary consumers
        
        Those who prey on herbivores are secondary consumers
        
        Fungi and some other animals are decomposers
- - - - Photosynthetic reactions produce ATP
        
        3 methods of which ADP can be phosphorylated to ATP.
        1.) photo-phosphorylation
        2.) substrate level phosphorylation.
        3.) oxidation phosphorylation
        
        Every second thousands of molecules are being used and recycled repeatedly, ATP is converted to ADP and phosphate by metabolic reactions
        
        Oxidation and reduction reactions
        
        Oxidation reactions are losing and electron while reductions reactions are gaining an electron
- - - - a source of electrons and a source of energy is needed, the electrons come from water and the energy comes from light. #
        
        however, the water and light do not act on the carbon dioxide directly, instead they create the intermediates ATP and NADPH by a process called the light dependent reactions
        
        In stroma reactions, ATP and NADPH act with carbon dioxide directly
        
        light is one small segment of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
        
        Radiation can be thought of and treated physically either as a set of particles called quanta (or quantum) or photons as a set of waves.
        
        Most material absorb certain wavelengths more than other wavelengths
        
        Any material that absorbs certain wavelength specifically and therefore has distinctive color is a pigment.
        
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